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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2022 Jan 1.
Published in final edited form as: Nat Rev Rheumatol. 2020 Nov 18;17(1):47–57. doi: 10.1038/s41584-020-00533-7

Fig. 1 |. Associations between age-related stress, senescence and OA.

Fig. 1 |

Multiple age-related stresses converge on the induction of senescent hallmarks in articular joint cells. These cells can exhibit the senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP) and secrete factors (including chemokines, cytokines, proteases and growth factors) that act independently or together to induce changes commonly found in osteoarthritic tissues. ADAMTS, a disintegrin and metalloproteinase with thrombospondin motifs; CCL, CC-chemokine ligand; ECM, extracellular matrix; GM-CSF, granulocyte–macrophage colony-stimulating factor; GRO, growth-regulated alpha protein; IGFBP, insulin-like growth factor binding protein; MMP, matrix metalloproteinase; OA, osteoarthritis; OSM, oncostatin M; ROS, reactive oxygen species; SA heterochromatin, senescence-associated heterochromatin; TGFβ, transforming growth factor-β.