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Wastewater treatment technologies in decentralized systems.
| Treatment level | Technology |
|---|---|
| Primary | Septic tanks |
| Anaerobic ponds | |
| Secondary | Anaerobic filters |
| Facultative ponds | |
| Free Surface Flow Constructed Wetlands | |
| Subsurface Flow Constructed Wetlands | |
| Tertiary | Maturation ponds |
| Duckweed ponds | |
| Land treatment | Slow rate systems |
| Rapid infiltration systems | |
| Overland flow systems |
Source: Adapted from Ulrich et al. (2009); Singh (2010); Capodaglio (2017).
