Table 7.
Effect of social capital on food security of cocoa-based farming households.
| Variables | Basic model |
Additive model |
Multiplicative model |
Model with instrumental variable |
Model with interaction of social capital with unobservables |
|||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Coefficient | t-stat | Coefficient | t-stat | Coefficient | t-stat | Coefficient | t-stat | Coefficient | t-stat | |
| Gender | 0.874 | 0.94 | 0.515 | 1.30 | 0.573 | 1.48 | 0.341 | 0.82 | 0.247 | 0.58 |
| Age | -0.394∗∗∗ | -2.83 | -0.583 | -0.94 | -0.884 ∗∗∗ | -3.56 | -0.406 ∗∗∗ | -2.68 | 0.281 | 0.83 |
| Household size | -0.527∗∗∗ | -2.82 | -0.695∗∗ | -2.15 | -0.601 | -0.80 | -0.441 ∗∗∗ | -3.14 | -0168 | -1.48 |
| Illiterate | -0.775∗∗ | -2.07 | -0.069 | -1.15 | -0.817∗∗ | -2.11 | -0.225 ∗∗ | -2.35 | -0.537 ∗∗ | -2.39 |
| Primary education | 0.512∗∗ | 2.03 | 1.499∗∗ | 2.65 | 0.524∗∗ | 2.07 | 0.399 ∗∗ | 2.04 | 0.438 ∗∗ | 2.45 |
| Secondary education | 0.551∗∗ | 2.18 | 0.698∗ | 1.82 | 0.551∗∗ | 2.18 | 0.128 ∗∗∗ | 3.61 | 0.557 ∗∗∗ | 2.68 |
| Tertiary education | 0.158 | 1.70 | 0.212 | 0.89 | 0.157 | 1.64 | 0.497 | 0.38 | 0.317 | 1.69∗ |
| Marital status | 0.270 | 0.67 | 0.150 | 1.53 | 0.156 | 0.13 | 0.382 | 1.60 | 0.274 | 0.86 |
| Farm size | 0.834∗∗∗ | 3.85 | 0.841 | 0.85 | 0.255 ∗∗∗ | 2.90 | 0.287 | 0.17 | 0.241 ∗∗ | 2.29 |
| Farm productivity | 0.307 ∗∗∗ | 3.45 | 0.432 | 1.58 | 0.329 ∗∗∗ | 3.18 | 0.185 ∗∗∗ | 3.29 | 0.143 ∗∗∗ | 3.35 |
| Asset | 0.663 | 1. 54 | 0.127 ∗∗∗ | 3.21 | 0.675 ∗∗∗ | 3.56 | 0.0177 | 0.15 | 0.175 ∗∗∗ | 3.31 |
| Savings | 0.125∗∗∗ | 3.14 | 0.276 ∗∗∗ | 3.11 | 0.226 | 1.45 | 0.144 ∗∗∗ | 2.73 | 0.137 ∗∗∗ | 2.94 |
| Primary occupation | 0.153 | 1.08 | 0.160 | 0.76 | 0.146 | 0.45 | 0.499 | 1.32 | 0.297 | 1.23 |
| Distance to farm | -0.247 | -0.89 | -0.329 | -0.40 | -0.572 ∗∗ | -2.04 | -0.633 | -0.90 | -0.489∗∗∗ | -3.53 |
| Meeting attendance | 0.269∗∗ | 2.47 | ||||||||
| Decision making | 0.819∗∗ | 2.30 | ||||||||
| Cash contribution | 0.401∗∗∗ | 2.55 | ||||||||
| Membership density | 0.161∗∗∗ | 2.76 | ||||||||
| Labour contribution | 0.703 | 1.51 | ||||||||
| Heterogeneity | 0.644 | 1.07 | ||||||||
| Aggregate social capital | 0.807∗∗∗ | 3.43 | ||||||||
| Instrumented social capital | 0.861∗∗∗ | 2.86 | ||||||||
| Social capital × social capital residual | 0.428∗∗∗ | 3.49 | ||||||||
| Constant | 2.703∗∗∗ | 5.22 | 3.387 | 2.81 | 2.689 | 5.16 | 3.373 ∗∗∗ | 3.32 | 2.647∗∗∗ | 3.86 |
| Adjusted R2 | 0.237 | 0.379 | 0.254 | 0.249 | 0.292 | |||||
| Chi2 | 33.36∗∗∗ | 45.50∗∗∗ | 48.91∗∗∗ | 44.62∗∗∗ | 48.76∗∗∗ | |||||
∗significance at 10 percent, ∗∗ significance at 5 percent, ∗∗∗ significance at 1 percent Source: Field survey, 2018