Skip to main content

View full-text article in PMC

. 2021 Apr 10;28(32):43669–43683. doi: 10.1007/s11356-021-13805-w

Table 5.

Nonlinear ARDL long- and short-run results

	Long-run estimation				Short-run estimation
Variables	Coeff	Std Error	t-stat	P-value	Variables	Coeff	Std Error	t-stat	P-value
GDP⁺	−0.004***	0.001	−4.975	0.000	GDP⁺	−0.004***	0.001	−6.658	0.000
GDP⁻	0.009***	0.001	7.254	0.000	GDP⁻	0.009***	0.001	9.241	0.000
IQ⁺	−0.649***	0.042	−15.64	0.000	IQ⁺	−0.649***	0.030	−21.54	0.000
IQ⁻	0.524***	0.033	15.83	0.000	IQ⁻	0.524***	0.022	23.31	0.000
FDI⁺	0.908***	0.081	11.17	0.000	FDI⁺	0.908***	0.056	16.31	0.000
FDI⁻	−0.034	0.061	−0.550	0.584	FDI⁻	−0.034	0.035	−0.955	0.343
FF⁺	3.323***	0.089	37.27	0.000	FF⁺	3.323***	0.062	53.91	0.000
FF⁻	4.193***	0.313	13.37	0.000	FF⁻	4.193***	0.209	20.00	0.000
RE⁺	−2.634***	0.789	−3.337	0.002	RE⁺	−2.634***	0.538	−4.892	0.000
RE⁻	2.786	2.330	1.196	0.237	RE⁻	2.788**	1.351	2.063	0.044
C	1.232***	0.199	6.199	0.000	ECT(-)	−0.004***	0.001	−7.221	0.000
Diagnostic tests
R²	0.996
AdjR²	0.995
DW statistics	2.18
F-statistics	825.1 [0.000]
Bound tests	F=3.99998** K=10			@ 5%	I(0)=2.3	I(1)=3.5
Bound tests	t=−7.22166*** K=10			@ 1%	I(0)= −3.9	I(1)= −5.9
χ² LM	0.111 [0.963]
χ2 HET	31.79 [0.104]

*, **, and *** mirror 10%, 5%, and 1% significance level, respectively