Table 4.
Typhoid and paratyphoid vaccines landscape: licensed and in clinical trials
| Disease | Vaccine name/construct | Manufacturer | Status |
|---|---|---|---|
| Typhoid | Typbar-TCV/glycoconjugate Vi-TT | Bharat Biotech India Ltd, Hyderabad |
Licensed in India, Nepal, Nigeria Licensed, and prequalified by WHO in Dec 2017 for UNICEF procurement (Jin et al. 2017) |
| Typhoid | PedaTyph/glycoconjugate Vi-TT | Bio-Med Pvt. Ltd, India | Licensure in India (Syed et al. 2020) |
| Typhoid | ZyVAC-TCV/glycoconjugate Vi-TT | Cadila Healthcare Limited, India |
Licensed in India Launched for Typhoid (in adult volunteers) in India Adisinsight.springer.com 2020a, b) WHO prequalification will be sought |
| Typhoid | Glycoconjugate Vi-TT | Walvax |
Licensed in India in 2020 (Steele et al. 2020) Preclinical (Khan et al. 2017) |
| Typhoid | TYPHIBEV/glycoconjugate Vi-CRM197 | Biological E Ltd, India/GVGH (GSK) Technology Transfer Agreement (TTA) | WHO prequalification obtained in Dec 2020 |
| Typhoid | Glycoconjugate Vi-DT |
SK Bioscience The International Vaccine Institute (IVI TTA) |
Phase II completed, enrolling into phase III (Steele et al. 2020) |
| PT Bio Farma (IVI TTA) |
Phase-III clinical trials in typhoid (in adolescents, in children, in infants, prevention, in adults) in Indonesia (IM) ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT04051268 |
||
| Incepta (IVI TTA) | Preclinical (Adisinsight.springer.com 2020a, b) | ||
| Typhoid | Glycoconjugate Vi-TT | Eubiologics, Korea | Phase 1 (Syed et al. 2020) |
| Typhoid | Glycoconjugate Vi-DT | DAVAC/Finlay Institute, Vietnam | Preclinical (Syed et al. 2020) |
| Typhoid | Glycoconjugate Vi-PspA | IVI | Preclinical (Kothari et al. 2014) |
| Typhoid | Typhim Vi/Vi PS | Sanofi Pasteur SA | Prequalified by the WHO (WHO prequalified vaccines list) |
| Typhoid | Typherix/Vi PS | GSK | Discontinued due to better alternatives available and manufacturing struggles in 2018 (GSK 2018) |
| Typhoid | Ty21a (Vivotif)/live attenuated | PaxVax | Prequalified by the WHO (Sahastrabuddhe and Saluja 2019) |
| Paratyphi A and Typhoid | Glycoconjugate O:2,12-TT + Vi-TT | NIH, Lanzhou | Phase II (Martin et al. 2016) |
| Paratyphi A and Typhoid | Glycoconjugate O:2,12-CRM197 + Vi-CRM197 | GVGH, Biological E | Preclinical (Martin et al. 2016) |
| Paratyphi A | Glycoconjugate CVD 1902 + CVD 909/ mutations in guaBA and clpX | University of Maryland Baltimore (UMB), Bharat Biotech | Phase I (Martin et al. 2016) |
| Paratyphi A | Glycoconjugate O:2,12-DT + Vi-DT | IVI | Preclinical (Martin et al. 2016) |
| iNTS | Trivalent glucoconjugate (S. typhimurium COPS:FliC+ TypbarTCV) | UMSOM-CVD, Bharat Biotech (Hyderabad, India | Preclinical, planned to roll into phase 1/2 (Baliban et al. 2020) |
| iNTS | S. typhimurium LH1160 (ΔpurB + ΔphoP/Q) live-attenuated vaccine | Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston | Phase 1 (Angelakopoulos and Hohmann 2000). Not followed up due to weak response |
| iNTS | S. typhimurium WT05 (ΔaroC + ΔssaV) live-attenuated vaccine | Microscience | Phase 1 (Hindle et al. 2002) |
| iNTS | GMMA (S. typhimurium and S. enteritidis) | GSK Vaccines Institute for Global Health S.r.l, Siena, Italy | Preclinical (Baliban et al. 2020) |
| iNTS | S. enteritidis and S. typhimurium COPS:FliC glycoconjugates | CVD at the University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland USA | Preclinical (Baliban et al. 2018) |
| iNTS | GMMA | GVGH | Preclinical (Martin et al. 2016) |