Fig. 4.

Inhibition of PDCoV-induced autophagy by EP contributes to its antiviral effect. LLC-PK1 cells were mock-infected or infected with PDCoV (MOI = 2) in the absence or presence EP (150 μM). After PDCoV adsorption for 1 h, the cells were further cultured in fresh medium in the absence or presence EP (150 μM). The expressions of LC3-II and PDCoV N were analyzed by western blot at 24 hpi. Results were presented as the ratio of target protein band intensity to β-actin band intensity. Values represent the mean ± SEM for three independent experiments. *P <  0.05; **P <  0.01; ***P <  0.001.