Table 3.
Participant characteristics.
| Statistics N | Group C 60 cases | Group T 60 cases | P | |
| Age, y | Mean ± SD, range | 59.47 ± 13.07 18–82 | 57.45 ± 12.35 27–81 | t Test t = 0.869 P = .387 |
| Age distribution, y | χ 2 | |||
| <18 | n (%) | 1 (1.7) | 0 | K = 1.574 |
| 18–40 | n (%) | 5 (8.3) | 7 (11.7) | P = .713 |
| 40–65 | n (%) | 32 (53.3) | 34 (56.7) | |
| ≥65 | n (%) | 22 (36.7) | 19 (31.7) | |
| Sex | χ 2 | |||
| Male | n (%) | 27 (45) | 30 (50.0) | K = 0.301 |
| female | n (%) | 33 (55) | 30 (50.0) | P = .583 |
| Type of diabetes | ||||
| Type 2 diabetes | n (%) | 58 (96.7) | 60 (100) | |
| Pregnancy with diabetes | n (%) | 2 (3.3) | No | |
| Duration of diabetes | Median (IQR) | 3 yrs (7 d, 30 yrs) | 2.5yrs (7d,8.75yrs) | |
| Overview | Range | 7 d–30 yrs | 7d–30yrs | |
| <1 y | n (%) | 16 (26.7) | 21 (35) | |
| 1–5 y | n (%) | 21 (35) | 17 (28.3) | |
| 6–10 y | n (%) | 12 (20.0) | 14 (23.3) | |
| 11–20 y | n (%) | 10 (16.6) | 7 (11.7) | |
| Above 20 y | n (%) | 1 (1.7) | 1 (1.7) | |
| Educational status | ||||
| Primary school or less | n (%) | 15 (25.0) | 16 (26.7) | χ 2 |
| Junior high school | n (%) | 20 (33.3) | 19 (31.7) | K = 1.467 |
| Technical secondary school | n (%) | 4 (6.7) | 5 (8.3) | P = .949 |
| High school | n (%) | 12 (20.0) | 14 (23.3) | |
| College | n (%) | 6 (10.0) | 5 (8.3) | |
| University graduate or more | n (%) | 3 (5.0) | 1 (1.7) | |
| Occupation | ||||
| Worker | n (%) | 42 (70.0) | 46 (76.7) | |
| Farmer | n (%) | 7 (11.7) | 5 (8.3) | |
| Retired | n (%) | 10 (16.7) | 6 (10.0) | |
| Student | n (%) | 1 (1.7) | No | |
| Self-employed | n (%) | No | 3 (5.0) | |
| Insulin pen syringe combination | ||||
| Gansulin pen | n (%) | 17 (28.3) | 15 (25.0) | |
| Novo Pen 4 | n (%) | 40 (66.7) | 43 (71.7) | |
| Novo Pen 4+ Clikstar | n (%) | 3 (5.0) | No | |
| Gansulin pen+ Novo Pen 4 | n (%) | No | 2 (3.3) | |
| Treatment of insulin | ||||
| 30/70 Mixture recombinant human insulin | n (%) | 16 (26.7) | 15 (25.0) | |
| Insulin aspartame 30/70 | n (%) | 37 (61.7) | 39 (65.0) | |
| Rapid-effect insulin + basal insulin | n (%) | 2 (3.3) | 0 (0) | |
| Short-acting insulin + basal insulin | n (%) | 5 (8.3) | 6 (10.0) | |
| Frequency of insulin injections | ||||
| Twice | n (%) | 24 (40.0) | 21 (35.0) | |
| 3 Times | n (%) | 29 (48.3) | 34 (56.7) | |
| 4 times | n (%) | 7 (11.7) | 5 (8.3) | |
| Insulin dosage, U | Median (25/75 percentile) range | 24 (18, 33) 7–54 | 24 (18.25, 29.5) 8–44 | Nonparametric test Z = 0.639 P = .809 |
| Whether family member help to inject insulin as an agent | ||||
| Yes | n (%) | 12 (80.0) | 9 (15.0) | χ 2 |
| No | n (%) | 48 (20.0) | 51 (85.0) | K = 0.519 P = .471 |
IQR = interquartile range.