Table 2.
Sociodemographic, behavioral, physical, and clinical factors according to MetS status.
| Metabolic syndrome | ||||
| Characteristic | N = 1108 | Yes, 293 (26.4%) | No, 815 (73.6%) | P-value |
| Sociodemographic | ||||
| Age, y, m(IQR) | 1108 | 43 (35, 51) | 41 (33, 48) | .003 † |
| Sex, n (%) | <.001 | |||
| Male | 442 | 78 (26.6) | 364 (44.7) | |
| Female | 666 | 215 (73.4) | 451 (55.3) | |
| Current smokers∗, n (%) | .123‡ | |||
| No | 609 | 116 (93.6) | 493 (96.7) | |
| Yes | 25 | 8 (6.4) | 17 (3.3) | |
| Currently married∗, n (%) | .938 | |||
| No | 307 | 128 (44.3) | 360 (44.6) | |
| Yes | 328 | 161 (55.7) | 448 (55.7) | |
| Education level∗, n (%) | .591‡ | |||
| No formal | 10 | 3 (2.4) | 7 (1.4) | |
| Primary | 185 | 32 (25.8) | 153 (29.9) | |
| Secondary | 347 | 72 (58.1) | 275 (53.8) | |
| Tertiary | 93 | 17 (13.7) | 76 (14.9) | |
| Work status∗, n (%) | <.001 | |||
| Formal employment | 345 | 94 (32.1) | 251 (30.8) | |
| Self-employed | 303 | 54 (18.4) | 249 (30.6) | |
| Unemployed | 459 | 145 (49.5) | 314 (38.6) | |
| Income above K1500∗, n (%) | .743 | |||
| No | 391 | 75 (60.5) | 316 (62.1) | |
| Yes | 242 | 49 (39.5) | 193 (37.9) | |
| Ever consumed alcohol∗, n (%) | .923 | |||
| No | 299 | 58 (46.8) | 241 (47.2) | |
| Yes | 335 | 66 (53.2) | 269 (52.8) | |
| Physical exercise∗, n (%) | .679 | |||
| No | 491 | 96 (79.3) | 395 (77.6) | |
| Yes | 139 | 25 (20.7) | 114 (22.4) | |
| Clinical characteristics | ||||
| BMI, kg/m2, m(IQR) | 1108 | 23.1 (20.4, 25.9) | 22.0 (19.4, 25.2) | <.001 |
| CD4 absolute count (cells/μL)∗, m(IQR) | 1095 | 469 (298, 693) | 475 (304, 705) | .910 |
| Viral load (copies/μL)∗, n (%) | .721 | |||
| <1000 | 944 | 248 (84.6) | 696 (85.5) | |
| ≥1000 | 163 | 45 (15.4) | 118 (14.5) | |
| Duration on ART, mo∗, m(IQR) | 635 | 120 (84, 160) | 102 (60, 144) | .001 |
| ART-based regimen, n (%) | .016 | |||
| NNRTI (EFV & NVP) | 898 | 243 (82.9) | 655 (80.4) | |
| PI (LPV/r & ATV/r) | 77 | 10 (3.4) | 67 (8.2) | |
| INSTI (DTG) | 133 | 40 (13.7) | 93 (11.4) | |
| NRTI-backbone ART regimen, n (%) | .185 | |||
| ABC/3TC | 18 | 5 (1.7) | 13 (1.6) | |
| AZT/3TC | 56 | 9 (3.1) | 47 (5.8) | |
| TDF/3TC | 1034 | 279 (95.2) | 451 (92.6) | |
| TC, mmol/L∗, m(IQR) | 1106 | 4.52 (3.75, 5.31) | 4.3 (3.54, 5.10) | .003 † |
| LDL, mmo/L∗, m(IQR) | 1102 | 2.2 (1.5, 2.8) | 2.0 (1.38, 2.6) | .016 † |
| Hip circumference, m(IQR) | 1108 | 97 (88, 105) | 92 (85, 98) | <.001 † |
| HB, g/dL∗, m(IQR) | 966 | 12.8 (11.8, 13.9) | 12.9 (11.6, 14.2) | .476† |
| Monocytes (109 cells/L)∗, m(IQR) | 600 | 0.40 (0.32, 0.49) | 0.36 (0.28, 0.48) | .021 † |
| Neutrophils (109 cells/L)∗, m(IQR) | 600 | 2.64 (2.12, 3.36) | 2.27 (1.78, 3.03) | <.001 † |
| T-Lymphocytes (109 cells/L), m(IQR) | 603 | 2.28 (1.94, 2.75) | 2.01 (1.58, 2.42) | <.001 † |
| WBC (109 cells/L)∗, m(IQR) | 629 | 5.4 (4.7, 6.6) | 4.8 (3.9, 5.8) | <.001 † |
| Platelets (109 cells/L)∗, m(IQR) | 604 | 280 (224, 319) | 249 (207, 305) | .045 † |
| Visceral fat levels (IU)∗, m(IQR) | 470 | 8 (5, 13) | 5 (3, 8) | <.001 † |
| hsCRP, mg/L∗, m(IQR) | 473 | 1.88 (0.79, 3.18) | 0.85 (0.48, 1.72) | <.001 † |
| TNF-α, pg/mL∗, m(IQR) | 472 | 29.75 (22.26, 37.52) | 22.02 (15.58, 31.43) | <.001 † |
| Insulin, mIU/L∗, m(IQR) | 473 | 12.94 (6.42, 26) | 5.04 (2.95, 8.39) | <.001 † |
ART = antiretroviral therapy.
Variables with missing values, m(IQR) = median (interquartile, n [%]—frequency and percentage).
Wilcoxon rank sum test, BMI = body mass index, kg/m2 = kilogram per meter squared, NNRTI = non-nucleoside/nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitor (EFV = efavirenz and NVP = Nevirapine), PI = protease inhibitor (LPV/r = lopinavir/ritonavir and ATV/r = atazanavir/ritonavir), INSTI = integrase strand transfer inhibitor (DTG = dolutegravir), NRTI = nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitor, ABC/3TC = abacavir/lamivudine, AZT/3TC = zidovudine/lamivudine, TDF/3TC = tenofovir/lamivudine, TC = total cholesterol, LDL = low density lipoprotein cholesterol, HB = hemoglobin, T-lymphocytes = total-lymphocytes, WBC = white blood cells, hsCRP = high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, TNF-α = tumor necrosis factor alpha.
Bold P-values shows variables statistically significant <.05.