Table 1.
Characteristics of the included studies
| Author | Study design | Total samples | PPI use | Mean age (years) | Male (%) | Hypertension (%) | Diabetes (%) | CKD (%) | NSAID (%) | Outcome | NOS |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Almario et al. [11] | Observational, cohort | 53,150 | Pre-admission |
18–29 (22.7) 30–39 (27.1) 40–49 (19.8) 50–59 (17.1) > = 60 (13.3) |
48.0 | NA | NA | NA | NA | Positive COVID-19 | 7 |
| Argenziano 2020 | Observational, retrospective cohort | 1000 | Pre-admission | 63 | 59.6 | 60.1 | 37.2 | 13.7 | 25 | ICU Care | 9 |
| Freedberg 2020 | Observational, retrospective cohort | 1620 | In-hospital |
< 50 (20.5) 50–65 (31.7) > 65 (47.7) |
44 | 28 | 20 | 8.7 | NA | Mortality or intubation | 8 |
| Genet et al. [16] | Observational, retrospective cohort | 201 | In-hospital | 86.3 | 32.8 | 62.2 | 39 | 28.9* | NA | Mortality | 8 |
| Lee et al. [3] | Observational, prospective cohort | 111,911 | Pre-admission | 48 | 51 | 27.3 | 15.4 | 6.8 | 6.1 | Positive COVID-19 and Mortality or ICU or intubation | 8 |
| Luxenburger et al. [18] | Observational, retrospective cohort | 152 | In-hospital | 65 | 56.6 | 31.6 | 28.9 | 19.1 | NA | Mortality | 8 |
| Menaya 2020 | Observational, retrospective cohort | 113 | Pre-admission | 67.6 | 50.4 | 53.9 | 22.1 | 21.5 | 31 | Mortality | 8 |
| Ramachandran [13] | Observational, retrospective cohort | 295 | Pre-admission | 66 | 55 | 70.8 | 44.7 | NA | 15.3 | Mortality | 8 |
| Romero et al. [19] | Observational, prospective cohort | 198 | Pre-admission | 81.9 | 42.4 | 57.1 | 26.3 | NA | 7.6 | Mortality | 7 |
| Tarlow et al. [21] | Observational, retrospective cohort | 83,735 | Pre-admission | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | Positive COVID-19 | 5 |
| Vila-Corcoles et al. [22] | Observational, retrospective cohort | 34,936 | Pre-admission | 70.9 | 48.1 | 100 | 28.1 | 11.3 | 4.7 | Positive COVID-19 | 8 |
| Zhou et al. [15] |
Observational, retrospective cohort PSM (1:5) |
3144 | Pre-admission | 63.5 | 57.3 | 39.3 | 25 | 19.5 | NA | Mortality or ICU or intubation | 7 |
NOS Score of ≥ 7 indicates low risk of bias, 4–7 indicates moderate risk of bias, and ≤ 3 indicates high risk of bias
CKD Chronic Kidney Disease, ICU Intensive Care Unit, PPI Proton Pump Inhibitor, PSM Propensity-Score Matching, NA not available, NOS Newcastle–Ottawa Scale, NSAID non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
*Based on glomerular filtration rate estimated with CKD-EPI formula on admission, not history of CKD or renal disease