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Etiologies of non-obstructive azoospermia.
| Etiology | Example |
|---|---|
| Idiopathic | |
| Genetic/Chromosomal | Klinefelter syndrome, Y-chromosome microdeletions |
| Iatrogenic/Surgical | Chemotherapy, Radiation therapy |
| Developmental/Structural | Cryptorchidism/Orchidopexy, Varicocele |
| Hormonal | Kallmann syndrome, hypogonadotropic hypogonadism, hyperprolactinemia/prolactinoma |
