Table 3.
Studies reporting intracytoplasmic sperm injection outcomes in men with non-obstructive azoospermia.
| Study | Year | NOA Etiology | Sperm Retrieval |
SRR (%) | (BCPR (%)) CPR (%) | LBR (%) | MR (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Fahmy et al. [74] | 1997 | NR | cTESE | NR | (16.6) 19.2 |
NR | NR |
| Friedler et al. [75] | 1997 | NR | TESA TESE |
43.0 | 29.0 | NR | NR |
| Ben-Yosef et al. [76] | 1999 | NR | TESE * | 60.0 | 21.7–27 | 13.0–25.0 | 6.7–8.7 |
| Palermo et al. [77] | 1999 | NR | mTESE | 63.9 | 49.1 | NR | 12.5 |
| Mercan et al. [78] | 2000 | NR | TESA TESE |
64.4 | 29–46 | NR | 20.7–24.2 |
| Chan et al. [79] | 2001 | Chemotherapy | cTESE mTESE |
45.0 | (44.5) 33.3 |
22.2 | NR |
| Damani et al. [80] | 2002 | Chemotherapy | cTESE | 65.2 | 60.0 | 53.0 | NR |
| Friedler et al. [81] | 2002 | NR | cTESE | 39.0–85.0 | 16.0–19.0 | 67.0–80.0 | NR |
| Mátyás et al. [82] | 2002 | NR | cTESE | 69.6 | 26.7 | NR | NR |
| Bailly et al. [83] | 2003 | NR | cTESE | 35.0 | 18.0 | 81.8 | 9.0 |
| Mansour et al. [84] | 2003 | NR | cTESE | 56.1 | 13.6–24.1 | NR | NR |
| Meseguer et al. [85] | 2003 | Chemotherapy | cTESE | 41.7 | 20.0 | 20.0 | NR |
| Osmanagaoglu et al. [86] | 2003 | NR | TESE * | NR | NR | 13.9 | NR |
| Raman et al.—a [42] | 2003 | Cryptorchidism | cTESE mTESE |
74.0 | 46.0 | 43.0 | NR |
| Raman et al.—b [42] | 2003 | NR | cTESE mTESE |
58.0 | 44.0 | 36.0 | 8.1 |
| Vernaeve et al.—a [43] | 2004 | NOA (excluded cryptorchidism) | cTESE | 33.3% | (20.7) 10.9 |
10.9 | NR |
| Vernaeve et al.—b [43] | 2004 | Cryptorchidism | cTESE | 51.9 | (28.1) 17.2 |
17.2 | NR |
| Aydos et al. [87] | 2005 | Cryptorchidism, idiopathic, nontestis cancer, RT, trauma, mumps, orchitis, chromosome anomaly | mTESE | 57.0 | 36.0 | NR | NR |
| Giorgetti et al. [88] | 2005 | NR | cTESE | 46.0 | 35.3 | 25.0–29.0 | NR |
| Mitchell et al. [89] | 2005 | NR | cTESE | N/A | 8.7–26.7 | 17.4–33.3 | NR |
| Wu et al. [90] | 2005 | NR | cTESE | 76.7 | 33.3–62.5 | 33.3–41.7 | 0–20.8 |
| Everaert et al. [91] | 2006 | NR | MESA mTESE |
35.4 | (13.2) 9.4 |
7.5 | NR |
| Hibi et al. [92] | 2007 | Chemotherapy | mTESE | 60.0 | NR | 40.0 | NR |
| Mitchell et al. [93] | 2007 | NR | cTESE | N/A | 26.0 | 13.3 | NR |
| Kanto et al. [94] | 2009 | NR | mTESE | 42.5 | 52.9 | NR | NR |
| Ravizzini et al. [95] | 2008 | NR | mTESE | 57.1 | (50.0) 40.0 |
40.0 | NR |
| Ishikawa et al. [96] | 2009 | NR | mTESE | N/A | (36.8) 30.9 |
26.5 | NR |
| Wiser et al. [44] | 2009 | Cryptorchidism | cTESE | 59.5 | 30.8–41.2 | 75.0–80.0 | NR |
| Yarali et al.—a [97] | 2009 | non-KS | mTESE | 44.0 | (41.0) 33.0 |
26.0 | NR |
| Yarali et al.—b [97] | 2009 | KS | mTESE | 56.0 | (61.0) 39.0 |
28.0 | NR |
| Boitrelle et al. [98] | 2011 | Cryptorchidism, KS, YCMD, Y inversion, malignancy, idiopathic chemotherapy/RT | cTESE | 53.2 | 42.7 | 37.0 | 7.9 5.3 € |
| Hauser et al. [99] | 2011 | NOA + cryptozoospermia | cTESE | N/A | (19.1–42.9) 12.8–42.9 |
12.8–42.9 | NR |
| Hsiao et al. [100] | 2011 | Chemotherapy | mTESE | 37.0 | 50.0 | 42.0 | NR |
| Ashraf et al. [101] | 2013 | NR | mTESE | 50.0 | 40.0 | NR | NR |
| Choi et al.—a [102] | 2013 | NOA + AZFc YCMD | cTESE | 21.0 | NR | 19.5 | NR |
| Choi et al.—b [102] | 2013 | AZFc YCMD | cTESE | 26.6 | NR | 24.3 | NR |
| Karacan et al. [103] | 2013 | NR | mTESE | 54.9 | 31.3 | 28.9 | 7.6 |
| Arafa et al. [104] | 2014 | Familial and non-familial idiopathic NOA | mTESE | 37.4 | 13.9 | NR | NR |
| Esteves et al. [105] | 2014 | NR | mTESE | 41.4 | 27.8 | 19.9 | 28.6 |
| Karacan et al. [106] | 2014 | NR | mTESE | 48.9 | 16.6–30.7 | 16.6–28.2 | 8.3 |
| Aydin et al. [107] | 2015 | NR | mTESE | 58.6 | 44.6 | NR | NR |
| Tsai et al. [45] | 2015 | Cryptorchidism | TESE * | N/A | 45.6 | 32.9 | 6.3 |
| Vloeberghs et al. [108] | 2015 | NR | cTESE | 40.5 | (27.7–34) 21.7–26.7 |
20.6–25.3 | NR |
| Ko et al. [109] | 2016 | NR | cTESE mTESE |
44.9 | (37.5) 30 |
25.0 | NR |
| Alfano et al. [110] | 2017 | Idiopathic NOA | mTESE | 48.9 | 21.7 | 13.0 | NR |
| Arafa et al.—a [111] | 2018 | Idiopathic NOA + AZFc YCMD | TESE * | 63.2 | 25.7 | NR | NR |
| Arafa et al.—b [111] | 2018 | Idiopathic NOA | TESE * | 65.8 | 26.6 | NR | NR |
| Yu et al. [112] | 2018 | NR | mTESE | 38.4 | (34.3) 49.1 |
24.6 | 20.7 |
| Chen et al. [41] | 2019 | Idiopathic, KS, YCMD, cryptorchidism, mumps orchitis, chemotherapy |
mTESE | 40.3 | 51.0–55.8 | NR | NR |
| Yamaguchi et al.—a [113] | 2020 | NOA (excluded AZFc YCMD) | mTESE | 74.0 | 28.9 | NR | 20.2 |
| Yamaguchi et al.—b [113] | 2020 | AZFc YCMD | mTESE | 20.4 | 24.7 | NR | 26.3 |
AZFRc, azoospermia factor region deletion in locus c; SRR, sperm retrieval rate; BCPR, biochemical pregnancy rate (elevated serum hCG); CPR, clinical pregnancy rate (heartbeat or gestational sac detectable by ultrasound); LBR, live birth rate; MR, miscarriage rate; NOA, non-obstructive azoospermia; NR, not reported; TESA, testicular sperm aspiration; cTESE, conventional TESE; mTESE, microdissection TESE; TESE *—type of TESE not specified; €, ectopic pregnancy rate; KS, Klinefelter syndrome; YCMD, Y-chromosome microdeletion; RT, radiation therapy; MESA, microsurgical epiddiymal sperm aspiration. “a” and “b” were used to denote different patient cohorts examined within one study.