Table 1.
Results of the literature review on costs of childhood disability.
| First Author and Year of Publication | Setting | Perspective | Time Horizon | Medical Condition | Costs in 2019 US$ | CHE per Capita 2019 US$ (% of Estimated Costs) * | GDP per Capita 2019 US$ (% of Estimated Costs) ** |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Solmi [33], 2018 | UK, Developed | Household | Weekly | Mentally Disabled | Annual 3625 | 4267 (85%) | 42,310 (9%) |
| Severely Disabled | Annual 4200 | 4267 (98%) | 42,310 (10%) | ||||
| Physically Disabled | Annual 2600 | 4267 (61%) | 42,310 (6%) | ||||
| Knapp [38], 2009 | UK, Developed | Societal | Lifetime | ASD | Lifetime 2,060,060 | ||
| Annual † 42,539 | 4267 (997%) | 42,310 (101%) | |||||
| Ganz [39], 2007 | USA, Developed | Societal | Lifetime | ASD | Lifetime 4,345,600 | ||
| Annual 69,530 | 10,640 (653%) | 64,767 (107%) | |||||
| Wilson [43], 2005 | USA, Developed | Societal | Annual | Chronically ill | Annual 36,310 | 10,640 (341%) | 64,767 (56%) |
| HIV positive | Annual 13,039 | 10,640 (123%) | 64,767 (20%) | ||||
| Kruse [40], 2009 | Denmark, Developed | Societal | Lifetime | CP | Lifetime 1,344,340 men 1,250,550 women |
||
| Annual 19,205 men 17,865 women |
6000 (320%) (298%) |
59,999 (32%) (30%) |
|||||
| Jarbrink [44], 2007 | Sweden, Developed | Societal | Annual | ASD | Annual 68,863 | 6156 (1119%) | 53,004 (130%) |
| Geelhoed [45], 2011 | Australia, Developed | Health system | Annual | DS | Annual 3602 | 5393 (67%) | 55,421 (6%) |
| Roddy [46], 2019 | Ireland, Developed | Societal | Annual | ASD | Annual 49,867 | 5130 (972%) | 76,911 (65%) |
| Wang [42], 2008 | China, Developing | Societal | Lifetime | CP | Lifetime 91,046 | ||
| Annual 2365 | 429 (551%) | 10,153 (23%) | |||||
| Genereaux [47], 2015 | Canada, Developed | Societal | Annual | IDD | Annual 60,059 | 4806 (1250%) | 46,419 (129%) |
| Martınez-Valverde [48], 2019 | Mexico, Developing | Household | Annual | DS | Annual 501 | 498 (101%) | 9858 (5%) |
| Newacheck [49], 2004 | USA, Developed | Health system | Annual | Multiple | Annual 3833 | 10,640 (36%) | 64,767 (6%) |
| Hoving [50], 2007 | Netherlands, Developed | Societal | Annual | CP | Annual 57,383 | 5112 (1123%) | 53,016 (108%) |
| Kageleiry [35], 2016 | USA, Developed | Health system | Childhood (0–18 yrs) | DS | 0–18 yrs 275,603 | ||
| Annual 15,311 | 10,640 (144%) | 64,767 (24%) | |||||
| Park [41], 2011 | South Korea, Developed | Health system | Lifetime | CP | Lifetime 32,003 | ||
| Annual 457 | 2203 (21%) | 30,028 (1%) | |||||
| Barrett [34], 2015 | UK, Developed | societal | 6 months | Autistic Disorder | Annual 35,100 | 4267 (823%) | 42,310 (83%) |
| Special Educational Needs | Annual 29,503 | 4267 (691%) | 42,310 (70%) | ||||
| ASD | Annual 28,548 | 4267 (669%) | 42,310 (67%) | ||||
| Peng [51], 2009 | USA, Developed | Health system | Annual | PDD | Annual 10,538 | 10,640 (99%) | 64,767 (16%) |
| Griffiths [36], 2012 | Senegal, Developing | Household | Lifetime | Bacterial Meningitis | Lifetime 41,230 | ||
| Annual 1374 | 58 (2370%) | 1510 (91%) | |||||
| Xiong [52], 2011 | China, Developing | Household | Annual | Autism | Annual 3566 | 429 (831%) | 10,153 (35%) |
| Physical Disability | Annual 2989 | 429 (697%) | 10,153 (29%) | ||||
| Mental Disability | Annual 1164 | 429 (271%) | 10,153 (11%) | ||||
| Ou [37], 2015 | China, Developing | Household | Annual | ASD | Annual 7470 | 429 (1741%) | 10,153 (74%) |
* % = (annual costs/current health expenditure (CHE) per capita). ** % = (annual costs/gross domestic product (GDP) per capita). Studies are arranged by strength of evidence according to our critical appraisal tool, the highest quality at the top. ASD = Autism Spectrum Disorders, CP = Cerebral Palsy, DS = Down Syndrome, IDD = Intellectual Developmental Disorder, PDD = Pervasive Developmental Disorder. Care must be taken not to simply compare the costs from different studies as there are considerable methodological differences between them, this table is just a way of summarizing these differences. † The study by Knapp et al estimated both annual costs (survey based) and modelled lifetime costs (model based). Unlike the rest of lifetime studies in this review, what we are presenting for this study as annual cost is the number reported by Knapp not our calculation from dividing lifetime costs by number of years in the model.