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View full-text article in PMC

. 2021 Apr 2;13(7):1675. doi: 10.3390/cancers13071675

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© 2021 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Overview of promising prognostic and predictive minimally invasive biomarkers in NSCLC patients on immunotherapy discussed in this review. (1) Blood-based biomarkers such as cfDNA, CTCs, exosomes, epigenetic signatures, miRNAs and TCR repertoire. These biomarkers can also be present in other liquids than blood (e.g., urine). (2) Breath-based biomarkers such as VOCs. (3) Feces-based biomarkers such as the gut microbiota. cfDNA: cell-free DNA; CTCs: circulating tumor cells; miRNAs: microRNAs; TCR: T cell receptor; VOCs: volatile organic compounds.