Table 4.

Effects of complications on direct total medical costs per person for outpatient visits in generalized estimating equation normal regression.

Variable	Coefficient Estimate (Standard Error)
Sex: female (Ref: male)	−29.78 *** (0.39)
Age group (Ref: ≤44 years), years
45–54	46.02 *** (0.80)
55–64	57.73 *** (0.80)
65–74	75.86 *** (0.85)
≥75	73.24 *** (0.88)
	Coefficient Estimate (Standard Error)
Event/condition (Ref: n)	<1 year after the event	>1 year after the event
Neuropathy	−6.28 *** (0.64)	51.89 *** (0.76)
Ocular disorders	−11.70 *** (2.30)	89.07 *** (3.31)
Kidney disease	−23.53 *** (0.76)	52.18 *** (0.97)
Cardiovascular disease	−3.34 ** (1.20)	29.79 *** (1.51)
Peripheral vascular disease	−14.07 *** (0.77)	27.02 *** (0.90)
Cerebrovascular disease	−11.28 ** (0.40)	31.84 *** (0.48)
Diabetic coma	−30.39 *** (4.36)	25.54 *** (5.59)

Ref, reference. ** p < 0.01; *** p < 0.001.