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. 2021 Mar 29;26(7):1917. doi: 10.3390/molecules26071917
Section Topics Pages
Abstract 1
1. Introduction 3
2. Neurotransmitter (NT) Reuptake Inhibitors 4
2.1. Serotonin-Norepinephrine Reuptake Inhibitors 4
2.1.1. Imipramine and Amitriptyline 4, 5
2.1.2 Clomipramine 6
2.1.3 Venlafaxine 6, 7
2.1.4. Doxepin 7
2.2. Selective Norepinephrine Reuptake Inhibitors 7
2.2.1 Maprotiline 7, 8
2.2.2. Atomoxetine 8
2.3. Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors 9
2.3.1. Fluoxetine 9
2.3.2. Citalopram/Escitalopram 9, 10
2.3.3. Sertraline 10
2.3.4. Fenfluramine 10, 11
3. Dopaminergic, Serotonergic, Adrenergic and N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) Receptor Blockers 11
3.1. Loxapine/Amoxapine 11
3.2. Clozapine 11, 12
3.3. Mianserin 12
3.4. Mirtazapine 12, 13
3.5. Olanzapine 13
3.6. Ketamine 14
3.7. Chlorpromazine 14, 15
3.8. Promazine 15
4. Histamine-1 Receptor Antagonists 16
4.1. Diphenhydramine 16
4.2. Azelastine 16, 17
4.3. Prometazine 17
5. Opioid-mu-Receptor Agonists 17
5.1. Morphine/Codeine 17, 18
5.2. Tramadol 18
5.3. Propoxyphene 19
5.4. Meperidine 19
6. Calcium-Channel Blockers 20
6.1. Verapamil 20
6.2. Diltiazem 20
6.3. Amiodarone 21
7. Drugs That Act at Sodiuzm Channels 21
7.1. Local Anesthetics 21
7.1.1 Lidocaine 21
8. Drugs That Act at GABAnergic Receptors 22
8.1. Zopiclone 22
9. Muscarinic-Receptor Blockers 22
9.1. Tolterodine/Fesoterodine 22, 23
9.2. Oxybutynin 23
10. “If” Channel Blockers 23
10.1. Ivabradine 23, 24
11. Drugs That Act as Enzyme Inhibitors 24
11.1. Sildenafil 24
12. Drugs That Act on Microorganisms 24
12.1. Chloroquine/Hydroxychloroquine 24–26
13. Anticancer Drugs 26
13.1. Imatinib 26
13.2. Dacarbazine 26, 27
13.3. Tamoxifen 27
13.4. Tormifene 27, 28
14. Metabolic N-dealkylation and N-oxidation 28
14.1. Metabolic N-dealkylation 28, 29
14.1.1. Focused N-dealkylation cases 30
14.1.1.1. Loss of Pharmacologic Activity 30
14.1.1.2. Modification of Receptor Inhibition Selectivity 30, 31
14.1.1.3. Activation of Prodrugs 31
14.1.1.4. Potential Drug Candidates (Metabolite Drugs) 31
14.2. N-Oxidation Of Tertiary-Alkylamino-Moiety-Containing Drug 32
15. Conclusions 33