Table 3.
Immune targets in ToxCast assays affected by tert-butylhydroquinone, FD&C Red 3, and several per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances.
| Gene Name and Function | ToxCast Assay Name | TBHQ | FD&C Red 3 | PFOS | PFOA | PFNA | PFDA | PFUnDA |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CCL2 (chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 2) Chemokine with chemotactic activity for monocytes and basophils |
BSK_3C_MCP1_down | ✓ | ||||||
| BSK_CASM3C_MCP1_down | ✓ | |||||||
| BSK_KF3CT_MCP1_down | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||||
| BSK_LPS_MCP1_down | ✓ | ✓ | ||||||
| BSK_SAg_MCP1_down | ✓ | |||||||
| CCL26 (chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 26) Chemokine with chemotactic activity for eosinophils and basophils |
BSK_4H_Eotaxin3_down | ✓ | ||||||
| CD38 molecule Transmembrane receptor expressed on macrophages, dendritic cells, and NK cells |
BSK_SAg_CD38_down | ✓ | ||||||
| CD40 molecule Transmembrane receptor expressed on antigen-presenting cells |
BSK_LPS_CD40_down | ✓ | ||||||
| BSK_SAg_CD40_down | ✓ | |||||||
| CD69 molecule Transmembrane receptor expressed on activated T cells and NK cells |
BSK_SAg_CD69_down | ✓ | ||||||
| CSF1 (macrophage colony-stimulating factor) Cytokine that controls the differentiation and function of macrophages |
BSK_hDFCGF_MCSF_down | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ||||
| BSK_LPS_MCSF_down | ✓ | ✓ | ||||||
| CXCL10 (chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 10) Chemokine involved in the stimulation of monocytes, NK cells, and T cells |
BSK_BE3C_IP10_down | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||
| BSK_hDFCGF_IP10_down | ✓ | ✓ | ||||||
| BSK_KF3CT_IP10_down | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||||
| CXCL8 (chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 8) Chemokine secreted by macrophages, neutrophils, eosinophils, and T cells |
BSK_hDFCGF_IL8_down | ✓ | ✓ | |||||
| BSK_LPS_IL8_down | ✓ | |||||||
| BSK_SAg_IL8_down | ✓ | |||||||
| CXCL9 (chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 9) Chemokine involved in immune regulation and inflammatory processes |
BSK_BE3C_MIG_down | ✓ | ✓ | |||||
| BSK_hDFCGF_MIG_down | ✓ | ✓ | ||||||
| BSK_SAg_MIG_down | ✓ | |||||||
| HLA-DRA (major histocompatibility complex class II) Antigen-presenting molecule |
BSK_3C_HLADR_down | ✓ | ||||||
| BSK_BE3C_HLADR_down | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ||||
| ICAM1 (intercellular adhesion molecule 1) Cell adhesion molecule |
BSK_KF3CT_ICAM1_down | ✓ | ||||||
| IL-1α (Interleukin-1, alpha) Cytokine produced by macrophages |
BSK_BE3C_IL1a_down | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ||||
| BSK_KF3CT_IL1a_down | ✓ | ✓ | ||||||
| BSK_LPS_IL1a_down | ✓ | |||||||
| LTB4R (leukotriene B4 receptor) Transmembrane receptor on immune cells |
NVS_GPCR_gLTB4 | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ||||
| E-selectin Cell adhesion molecule |
BSK_LPS_Eselectin_down | ✓ | ✓ * | |||||
| BSK_SAg_Eselectin_down | ✓ | |||||||
| P-selectin Cell adhesion molecule |
BSK_4H_Pselectin_down | ✓ | ||||||
| Prostaglandin E receptor 2 Transmembrane receptor on immune cells |
BSK_LPS_PGE2_down | ✓ | ✓ | |||||
| TGF-β1 (transforming growth factor, beta 1) Growth factor that regulates immune responses |
BSK_BE3C_TGFb1_down | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ||||
| BSK_KF3CT_TGFb1_down | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||||
| TNF (tumor necrosis factor) Pro-inflammatory cytokine primarily secreted by macrophages |
BSK_LPS_TNFa_down | ✓ | ||||||
| VCAM1 (vascular cell adhesion molecule 1) Cell adhesion molecule |
BSK_3C_VCAM1_down | ✓ | ||||||
| BSK_4H_VCAM1_down | ✓ | |||||||
| BSK_hDFCGF_VCAM1_down | ✓ | ✓ | ||||||
| BSK_LPS_VCAM1_down | ✓ |
Note: * This assay had one data quality flag indicating “noisy data”.