Table A1.
Studies of PFAS migration from food contact materials.
| Material Tested | Migration Conditions | Detections of PFAS 1 | Findings |
|---|---|---|---|
| Cookware and food packaging United States, 2005 [91] |
PFOA leaching into Miglyol and water was measured from different products, including popcorn bag, hamburger wrapper, sandwich wrapper, French fry box, and paper plates. | PFOA | Paper coatings with fluorotelomers released significantly higher amounts of PFOA than other tested products. The highest concentration of PFOA was released from microwave popcorn bags. |
| Fast food wrappers United States, 2008 [92] |
PFAS migration measured from three retail fast food wrappers into food and food simulants (Miglyol, butter, water, vinegar, chocolate spread, and water/ethanol solutions (10, 20, 25, and 30% ethanol). Migration tests were run with 100 °C food/food simulant added to paper for 15 min; butter was tested at 4 °C for 40 days. | 3 PFAS species tested 2 | Reported significantly higher migration of PFAS into butter and other oil emulsion mixtures compared with migration into water, vinegar, oils, or alcohol. |
| Frying pans United States, 2007 [93] |
Pans were heated for 30 min at 250 °C and the headspace gas was tested for a characteristic perfluorinated substance fragment, “-CF2-CF3”. | None reported | Did not detect PFAS compounds in the headspace gas. |
| Frying pans, cooking utensils, grill pans, pots, rice cookers, and non-stick baking papers. Korea, 2018 [94] |
Analysis of PFAS migration from 312 food contact materials into food simulants, water, and corn oil at varying conditions: 4% acetic acid at 100 °C for 30 min; 50% ethanol and 50% n-heptane at 70 °C for 30 min followed by incubation at 25 °C for 1 h. | PFOA, PFNA, PFDoDA, PFTrDA, PFTeDA, PFHxDA, PFODA | Seven PFAS migrated into food simulants from 10 frying pans and 2 baking utensils. No PFAS migration was observed during subsequent testing and PFAS did not migrate from frying pans into corn oil or water. |
| Pet food paper bag 3 Spain, 2019 [95] |
Analysis of PFAS migration from paper bag packaging into food simulant (Tenax) and milk at various conditions: 10 days at 40 °C; 2 h at 80 °C, 120 °C and 160 °C | PFBA, PFPeA, PFHxA, PFHpA, PFOA, PFNA, PFDA, PFUnDA, PFDoDA, PFTrDA, PFTeDA | Greater migration was observed into milk than the food simulant, and high migration percentages were observed for long-chain PFAS. Migration rates increased with temperature. |
| Muffin paper | Migration of fluorotelomers from muffin containers into butter, muffin dough, and Tenax food simulant measured after exposure to oven temperatures of 120–200 °C for 5 to 60 min. | 6:2 FTOH | The fluorotelomer concentrations were higher in the dough, butter, and Tanex food simulant after heating compared to the original levels in the baking cup paper, indicating the release of fluorotelomers from precursor compounds. |
| 8:2 FTOH | |||
| Germany, 2011 [96] | 10:2 FTOH | ||
| Microwave popcorn and foods in paper packaging Sweden, 2013 [97] |
PFAS were tested in food samples before and after preparation as directed on the packaging. | 6:2 diPAP, 8:2 diPAP, 10:2 diPAP, PFHxA, PFOA, PFNA, PFDA, PFUnDA, PFTrDA | The PFAS concentrations, notably for polyfluoroalkyl phosphoric acid diesters (diPAP), increased in some packaged foods tested after heating in accordance with the package directions. |
| Instant food cups, microwave-popcorn bags, beverage cups, ice cream cups, fast food containers, dessert containers, and baking papers Thailand, 2012 [98] |
The leaching of PFOA and PFOS from 34 food packaging products into methanol and saliva simulant at 80 °C during a 30 min period. | PFOA, PFOS | PFOA and PFOS migrated into saliva simulant from the majority of samples, all of which had detectable PFOA or PFOS. The highest migration of PFOA and PFOS was reported for a French-fry box and hot beverage cup. |
| Frying pans United States, 2005 [99] |
The migration of PFOA from 11 frying pans into water, 10% ethanol, and 95% ethanol was measured after heating to 125 °C. | None reported | No PFOA was detected in any samples. |
| Frying pans, sandwich maker, waffle irons Germany, 2015 [100] |
Volatilization of 9 PFAS into air was measured under normal use and under overheating scenarios. | PFBA, PFPeA, PFHxA, PFHpA, PFOA, PFNA, PFDA, PFUnDA, PFDoDA | PFAS release increased significantly at overheating temperatures, and all 9 PFAS were detected. PFOA emissions were lower than in prior reports. |
| Frying pans and microwave popcorn bags United States, 2007 [101] |
The migration of 10 PFAS into air and water was measured from pans heated on a hotplate set to 250 °C and from microwave popcorn after microwave heating for 3 min. | PFPeA, PFHpA, PFOA, PFNA, PFDA, PFUnDA, PFDoDA, 6:2 FTOH, 8:2 FTOH | PFOA was released into the air from frying pans at normal cooking temperatures during consequent uses. One brand of microwave popcorn released much higher levels of PFAS compared to the other two. |
| Butter wrappers and dairy processing equipment Germany, 2013 [102] |
Concentrations of 9 PFAS were measured in dairy products during processing. Migration of PFAS from butter wrappers was measured after 45 days at 5 °C. | PFBA, PFPeA. PFHxA, PFHpA, PFOA, PFNA, PFDA, PFDoA, 8:2 FTOH, 10:2 FTOH | Greater migration of PFOA and PFHxA relative to the longer-chain PFAS was observed from the butter wrapper. PFAS concentrations increased with greater fat concentrations in dairy products. |
| Two paper food contact materials United States, 2013 [103] |
Migration of PFAS from two paper food packaging into five simulants (Miglyol oil, Miglyol oil with soy lecithin, Miglyol oil with Tween 60, 10% ethanol, 3% acetic acid) under two temperatures: 100 °C (15 min) and 40 °C (2, 24, 96 and 240 h). | PFHxA, PFHpA, PFOA, PFNA, PFDA, PFUnDA, PFDoDA | Seven PFAS migrated into food stimulants, and the shorter chain compounds migrated at a faster rate. The addition of emulsifiers increased migration efficiencies. Paper coating based on di-perfluoro-alkyloxy-amino-acid leached PFAS at a higher rate compared to the coating based on polyfluoroalkyl phosphate surfactants. |
| Paper bowl China, 2016 [104] |
Migration studies of 16 PFAS from paper bowls into several food simulants: oil, water, and ethanol/water mixtures (10/90, 30/70, 50/50). Simulants preheated to 100 °C were added to a bowl, followed by a 15-min hold at room temperature. | 6:2 FTOH, 8:2 FTOH, 10:2 FTOH, 12:2 FTOH, 14:2 FTOH; 16:2 FTOH, PFBA, PFPeA, PFHxA, PFHpA, PFOA, PFNA, PFDA, PFUnDA, PFDoDA, PFTrDA, PFTeDA, PFPeDA, PFHxDA, PFHpDA, PFODA | Perfluorinated carboxylic acids and fluorotelomer alcohols readily migrated out of the paper bowls, with a greater transfer into 50% ethanol relative to 30% ethanol or water. PFBA (compound with 4 fluorinated carbons) had the greatest migration efficiency. |
| Pet food paper bag 3
Spain, 2020 [105] |
Migration of 12 PFAS from unprinted pet food paper bags was measured to food simulants (Tenax, 50% ethanol, and 95% ethanol) and foods (ground cereal, parboiled rice, infant milk powder). | PFPeA, PFHxA, PFHpA, PFOA, PFNA, PFDA, 8:2 FTCA, 8:2 FTUCA | Shorter chain PFAS exhibited greater migration efficiencies than long-chain PFAS. More migration was observed into milk powder compared to food simulants. |
Note: 1. diPAPs: Polyfluoroalkyl phosphoric acid diesters; PFBA: Perfluorobutanoate; PFPeA: Perfluoropentanoic acid; PFHxA: perfluorohexanoic acid; PFHpA: perfluoroheptanoic acid; PFOA: perfluorooctanoic acid; PFOS: perfluorooctanesulfonic acid; PFNA: perfluorononanoic acid; PFDA: perfluorodecanoic acid; PFUnDA: Perfluoroundecanoic acid; PFDoDA: perfluorododecanoic acid; PFTrDA: Perfluorotridecanoate; PFTeDA: Perfluorotetradecanoate; PFPeDA Perfluoropentadecanoate; PFHxDA: Perfluorohexadecanoate; PFHpDA: Perfluoroheptadecanoate; PFODA: Perfluorooctadecanoate; 8:2 FTCA: 2-perfluorooctyl ethanoic acid; 8:2 FTUCA: 2H-perfluoro-2-decenoic acid; 8:2 FTOH: 8:2 fluorotelomer alcohol; 10:2 FTOH: 10:2 fluorotelomer alcohol; 6:2 DiPAP: 6:2 Fluorotelomer phosphate diester; 8:2 DiPAP: 8:2 Fluorotelomer phosphate diester; 10:2 DiPAP: 10:2 Fluorotelomer phosphate diester. 2. PFAS tested by Begley et al. (2008): phosphoric acid, bis[(3,3,4,4,5,5,6,6,7,7,8,8,9,9,10,10,10-heptadeca-fluoro-decyl)]2-(2-hydroxyethyl amino) salt; phosphoric acid, bis[(3,3,4,4,5,5,6,6,7,7,8,8,9,9,10,10,10-heptadecafluoro-decylsulfanylmethyl)]-2-hydroxy-2-oxo-1,3,2-dioxaphosphorinane, ammonium salt; phosphoric acid, bis[(N-ethyl-2-1,1,2,2,3,4,4,5,5,6,6,7,7,8,8,8-heptadecafluoro-octylsulfonamidoethyl)])ammonium salt. 3. Two studies examined PFAS migration from packaging for pet food [95,105], and their findings were similar to the studies of PFAS migration from packaging for food intended for human use.