Table 1.

miRNAs and lncRNAs involved in cancer immunoediting, tumor cell and microenvironment (TME) modulation, and immunotherapy resistance.

Regulatory Function	ncRNA Name		Target Name	Target Modulation	Tumor Type	Ref.
	miRNAs	lncRNAs
Tumor antigen presentation	miR-27a		TAP2	Downregulation of MHC-I expression	Esophageal adenocarcinoma	[47]
	miR-26-5p and miR-21-3p		TAP1	Downregulation of TAP1 and reduced expression of HLA class I cell surface antigens	Melanoma	[49]
Tumor metabolism		lncRNA p23154	miR-378a-3p	Repression of Glut1 expression through miR-378a-3p binding to the UTR of the gene	Oral squamous cell carcinoma	[51]
		lncRNA LINC00504	miR-1244	Stimulation of aerobic glycolysis through PKM2, HK2, and PDK1	Ovarian cancer	[52]
	miR133a-3p		GABARAPL1	Blockade of glutaminolysis by the reduction of the expression level of core enzymes including GLS and GDH	Gastric cancer	[54]
		MALAT-1	Promote VEGF expression not only through a direct pathway, but also through miRNAs, which deserves other studies	Immunosuppressive Properties of Mesenchymal Stem Cells (MSC) by Inducing VEGF and IDO	Mesenchymal stem cells	[55]
Tumor Microenvironment	miR-149		IL-6	Inhibition of the activation of tumor-promoting fibroblasts by the reduction of IL-6 expression	Gastric Cancer	[63]
	miR-101		CXCL12	Inhibition of the interaction between fibroblasts and cancer cells by the downregulation of CXCL12	Lung cancer	[64]
	miR-222		LBR	Downregulation of LBR by inducing normal fibroblasts to show the cancer-associated fibroblast (CAF) characteristics	Breast cancer	[65]
	miR-221		A20	Stimulatory action in breast cancer cells and in main component of the TME such asCAFs, through the involvement of A20/c-Rel/CTGF signaling	Breast cancer	[66,67,68,69,70,71]
		lincRNA-p21	P53	Direct targeting on p53, abolishment of MDM2 degradation to p53 by facilitating phenotype maintenance of Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs)	Breast Cancer	[86]
		LNMAT1	CCL2	CCL2 upregulation, macrophage recruitment, and metastasis spreading	Bladder cancer	[87]
	miR-375	PXN and TNS3		Destabilization of PXN and TNS3, TAM infiltration	Breast cancer	[88]
	miR-21		OPG	OPG downmodulation and RANKL upregulation by playing a role in bone resorption/apposition balance	Multiple Myeloma	[81]
Immune Checkpoint	miR-138		CTLA-4 and PD-1	Inhibition of human checkpoint expression in Tregs. Downmodulation of CTLA-4, PD-1, and FoxP3 in CD4+ T cells	Glioma	[91]
	miR-155		IL7R	Repression of IL7R expression in response to activation signals by regulating T cell survival, homeostasis, and proliferation	Melanoma	[79]
	miR-34		PDL1	Downregulation of PDL-1	Non small cell lung cancer (NSCLC)	[95]
	miR-146a		IFNY-STAT1	Upregulation of PDL-1	Melanoma	[96]
		lncRNA AFAP1-AS1	PDC1	Upregulation of PD-1	Nasopharyngeal carcinoma	[97]
		lncRNA Tim3	TIM3	Binding of Tim3 and nuclear translocation of Bat3	Hepatocellular carcinoma	[99]
	miR-155		BTLA	Downregulation of BTLA surface expression	Tumor microenvironment	[101]
Immunotherapy resistance		NEAT1	miR-155/Tim-3	Downregulation of miR-155 and Tim-3 upregulation	Hepatocellular carcinoma	[105]
		MALAT1		Upregulation, through miR-195, of PD-L1 Inhibition of MALAT1 interaction with miR-101, modulation of cisplatin, and temozolomide resistance	Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma Lung cancer and glioblastoma	[72,110,111]
ExosomalncRNAs As drug resistance cargo		lncRNA Olfr29-ps1	miR-214-3p	Sponging of miR-214-3p and downregulation of miR-214-3p, which target MyD88 to modulate differentiation and function of MDSCs	Tumor microenvironment	[113]
		Lnc-chop	CHOP and the C/EBPβ isoform liver-enriched inhibitory protein	Activation of C/EBPβ, upregulation of arginase-1, NO synthase 2, NADPH oxidase 2, and cyclooxygenase-2	Tumor microenvironment	[114]
		lnc- POU3F3	TGF-β	Upregulation of TGF-β, distribution of Tregs in peripheral blood, enhance cell proliferation of gastric cancer	Gastric cancer	[116]
	miR-23a-3p		PTEN, AKT	PDL-1 upregulation in macrophages	Hepatocarcinoma	[123]
	hsa-miR-24-3p, hsa-miR-891a, hsa-miR-106a-5p, hsa-miR-20a-5p, and hsa-miR-1908		MARK1	Downregulation of the MARK1 signaling pathway	Nasopharyngeal carcinoma	[124]
		ZFAS1	D1, Bcl2, N-cadherin, Slug, Snail, Twist, Bax and E-cadherin	Upregulation of D1, Bcl2, N-cadherin, Slug, Snail, Twist, and ZEB1 and downregulation of Bax and E-cadherin	Gastric cancer	[125]
		MALAT-1	cyclinD1, cyclinD2 and CDK	Upregulation of cyclinD1, cyclinD2, and CDK; tumor growth promotion; migration; and apoptosis prevention in lung cancer cell lines	NSCLC	[126]
		lncRNA UCA1	E-cadherin, vimentin, MMP9 proteins	Decreasing of E-cadherin, increasing of vimentin and MMP9	Bladder cancer	[127]
		lncRNA SNHG16	acts as ce-RNA via sponging miR-16-5p	De-repression of miR-16-5p targets, SMAD5 among these	Breast cancer	[128]
		lncRNA RPPH1	TUBB3	Interaction with TUBB3 to prevent its ubiquitination, macrophage M2 polarization, metastasis spreading, and proliferation of colon cancer cells	Colorectal cancer metastasis	[129]
		lncRNA LINK-A	PtdIns (3,4,5) P3, inhibitory GCPRs, E3 ubiquitin ligase TRIM71	Enhancement of K48–polyubiquitination-mediated degradation of the antigen peptide-loading complex (PLC), and Rb and p53	Triple negative breast cancer	[106,107]
	miR-21-5p and miR-155-5p		BRG1	Downregulation of BRG1 leading to colorectal cancer cells migration and invasion.	Colorectal cancer metastasis	[130]