4-HPR	N-(4-Hydroxyphenyl)-retinamide or fenretinide
ADH	alcohol dehydrogenase
ALDH	aldehyde dehydrogenase
ATRA	all-trans retinoic acid
BBN	N-butyl-N-(4-hydroxybutyl)-nitrosamine
BC	bladder cancer
BCG	Bacillus Calmette Guerin
BCO	β-carotene oxygenase
CD437	6-[3-(1-Adamantyl)-4-hydroxyphenyl]-2-naphthalene carboxylic acid
CIS	carcinoma in situ
CRABP	cellular retinoic acid-binding protein
CRBP	cellular retinol-binding protein
CSC	cancer stem cell
CYP26	cytochrome P450 26
EGF	epidermal growth factor
FABP5	fatty acid-binding protein 5
FANFT	N-4-(5-nitro-2-furyl)-2-thiazolylformamide
LRAT	lecithin retinol acyltransferase
MIBC	muscle invasive bladder cancer
MMPs	matrix metalloproteinases
NMIBC	non-muscle invasive bladder cancer
NMU	N-methyl-N-nitrosourea
PPAR	peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor
PUNLMP	papillary urothelial neoplasm of low malignant potential
RA	retinoic acid
RALDH	retinal dehydrogenase
RAR	retinoic acid receptor
RARE	retinoic acid response element
RBP4	retinol-binding protein 4
RDH	retinol dehydrogenase
RORC	retinoic acid–related orphan receptor C
RXR	retinoid X receptor
STRA6	stimulated by retinoic acid 6
TNM	Tumour, Node, Metastasis
VAD	vitamin A deficiency