Table 2.
Phytochemicals in S. acmella.
| Groups | Parts | Compounds | References |
|---|---|---|---|
| Alkyl amide | Flower | (2Z)-N-isobutyl-2-nonene-6,8-diynamide(1), N-phenethyl-2, 3-epoxy-6,8-nonadiynamide(2), (2E,4Z)-N-isobutyl-2,4-undecadiene-8,10-diynamide(3), (2E)-N-isobutyl-2-undecene-8,10-diynamide(4), (2E,6Z,8E)-N-isobutyl-2,6,8-decatrienamide/ Spilanthol(5), (2E)-N-(2-methylbutyl)-2-undecene-8,10-diynamide(6), (2E,7Z)-N-isobutyl-2,7-tridecadiene-10,12-diynamide(7), (2E,7Z)-N-isobutyl-2,7-decadienamide(8), (2E,6Z,8E)-N-(2-methylbutyl)-2,6,8-decatrienamide(9), (2E,4E,8Z,10Z)-N- isobutyl-dodeca-2,4,8,10-tetraenamide(10), undeca-2E,7Z,9E-trienoic acid isobutylamide(11) |
[16,31,32] |
| Fatty acid esters | Leaf | α–amyrin acetates(12), β–amyrin acetates(13), | [33,45] |
| Stigmastane | Aerial | (24ξ)-Stigmast-4-en-3-one(16) | [38] |
| Glucoside | Aerial | Stigmasteryl glucoside(18), | |
| Phenolics | Aerial | Vanilic acid(17), trans-ferulic acid(19), Pentacyclic, trans-isoferulic acid(22) |
|
| Triterpenoid | Aerial, Leaf | β-sitosterone(23), 3-acetylaleuritolic acid (21), Stigmasterol (15) | [38,45] |
| Fatty acids | Whole plant | Lauric acid(24), Myristic acid(25), Palmitic acid(26), Linoleic acid(27) | [46] |
| Essential oils (Fatty alcohols) | Whole plant | Myricyl alcohol(14), (E)-2-hexenol(28), 2-tridecanone(29), hexanol(30), (Z)-3-hexanol(32) | [33,47] |
| Aromatic quinone | Aerial | 2,2,4-trimethyl-1,2-dihydroquinoline(31) | [48] |
| Glycosides | Whole plant | 2-C-methyl-D-threono-1,4-lactone-3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside(33), 2-C-methyl-D-threono-1,4-lactone-2-O-α-D-fructofuranoside(34) |
[49] |
| Pyroglutamate | Whole plant | 1,3-butanediol,1-pyroglutamate(35), 1,3-butanediol,3-pyroglutamate (36), 2-C-methyl-d-threono-1,4-lactone(37), 2-deoxy-D-ribono-1,4-lactone(38), Dendranthemoside A(39), Dendranthemoside B(40), Ampelopsisionoside(41), Icariside B1(42), Benzyl-α-l-arabinopyranosyl-(1→6)-β-D-glucopyranoside(43), Uridine(45), methyl pyroglutamate(46) |
[49,50] |
| Coumarine | Aerial | Chicoriin(44), Scopoletin(20) | [38] |
| Essential oils (Terpene) |
Flower head | α-pinene(47), Sabinene(48), β-pinene(49), Myrcene(50), D-3-carene(51), Limonene(52), (Z)-β-ocimene(53), (E)-β-ocimene(54), γ-terpinene(55), terpinen-4-ol(56), β-elemene(57), β-caryophyllene(58), α-humulene(59), germacrene D(60), (E)-β-farnesene(61), (Z,E)-α-farnesene(62), β-bisabolene(63), β-sesquiphellandrene (64) |
[28] |