Table 1.

Advantages and disadvantages of assorted environmentally friendly techniques for antioxidant extraction.

Method	Advantage	Disadvantage
Microwave-assisted extraction (MAE)	Short time (15–30 min). May or may not use a solvent other than water Low solvent usage Easy industrial escalation Low power consumption Low levels of CO2 released into the atmosphere Non-contact heat source Accelerates mass and energy transfer	Needs a solvent separation method. It can affect thermolabile metabolites and in some cases causes oxidation Non-selective extraction
Ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE)	Uses room temperatures. Less energy Lower solvent volume	Difficulty scaling Decrease in its efficiency in systems with high viscosity Temperature stability Solvent contamination Non-selective extraction
Pulsed electric field extraction (PEF) and high voltage electrical discharges (HVED)	Low energy Continuous operability Short times	Difficulty scaling Possible oxidation of compounds (HVED)
Enzyme-assisted extraction (EAE)	Easy operation and high specificity if the choice of enzymes is right High efficiency Environmentally friendly Low energy requirements and low operating temperature	Scaling and influencing factors such as enzyme concentration, oxygen, pH, temperature, and agitation Establishment of operating conditions if two or more enzymes are used in the process
High-hydrostatic pressure extraction (HHPE)	Can be operated at room temperature or in refrigeration temperatures Short operation time Less solvent use compared to heat techniques Better quality, efficiency, and biological activity for extracts Reduced extraction times	May promote oxidation reactions At an industrial level it is a semi-continuous or batch process
Deep eutectic solvents (DESs)	Biodegradable solutions Non-toxic Easy to prepare	Expensive to scale The final solution possesses high viscosities and densities