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. 2021 Apr 1;13(7):1650. doi: 10.3390/cancers13071650

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© 2021 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Genetical and physiological evolution of bladder cancer (BC). CIS: carcinoma in situ: “flat tumor”; T_a: noninvasive papillary carcinoma; T1: tumor invades subepithelial connective tissue; T2_a: tumor invades superficial muscularis propria (inner half); T2_b: tumor invades deep muscularis propria (outer half); T3_a: tumor invades surrounding fat/tissues microscopically; T3_b: tumor invades surrounding fat/tissues macroscopically; T4_a: tumor invades prostatic stroma, uterus, vagina; T4_b: tumor invades pelvic wall, abdominal wall. PUNLMP = papillary urothelial neoplasm of low malignant potential.