Table 1.
Comparison between different types of nanoparticles used in Alzheimer’s disease treatment.
| Classification | Name | Function and Merits | Average Diameter in nm | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Polymeric nanoparticles | DGLs-PEG-RVG29-D-peptide/DNA NPs | It provides numerous reaction locations and good drug loading charges. Successful codelivery of blood-brain barrier-crossing drugs through brain-oriented ligand modifications was shown in vitro and in vivo. | 97 | [14] |
| Drug-loaded PLGA nanoparticles | In transgenic AD mice, spatial memory and recognition were significantly improved | 128.6 | [32] | |
| PLGA@QT NPs | Low cytotoxicity when tested in vitro on SH-SY5Y cells | Between 100 and 150 | [40] | |
| PGZ-NPs | The carriers received PGZ, which promoted 50 × higher brain endothelium absorption than free drugs and displayed a delayed in vitro release profile of PGZ. | 155.0 ± 1.8 | [33] | |
| Anti-A mAb-conjugated liposomes | Stable in serum protein incubation and in a position to bind to A in vitro monomers and fibrils | Between 124 and 134 | [16] | |
| Poly(acrylic acid)-coated NPs | Abrogated Aβ aggregation at a sub-stoichiometric ratio of 1:2,000,000 | 8 and 18 | [17] | |
| − PLGA NPs − PLGA NPs with OX26 mAb − PLGA NPs with OX26 mAb and DE2B4 mAb |
The intake of immune nanoparticles with controlled peptide iA5 delivery without monoclonal antibody function was significantly increased. | 153 ± 2 163 ± 3 166 ± 2 |
[35] | |
| PiB-MZF | It is stable, biocompatible. The relaxing rate of PiB-R2 MZF was 169.93 mM−1S−1, which showed great superparamagnetism as the negative T2 contrast agent. PiB-MZF also showed no cytotoxicity in two cell lines. | 100 | [43] | |
| NP(α−M) | Improving brain clearance in an LDLR-dependent way of 125I-radiolabeled Aβ1–42, reduction in Aβ deposition and reduced neuroinflammatory reactions. | 94.26 ± 4.54 | [20] | |
| Eu/GMP ICP | Has a self-adaptive property and rationally designing the competitive coordination interaction of Cu2þ between the guest CDs and Ab monomer. | From 40 to 50 | [22] | |
| Se−Cur/PLGA | Cur-loaded Se-PLGA nanosphere drug delivery system will decrease the amyloid-β load in the brain samples of AD mice and healed the model mice’s memory deficit substantially. | 160 ± 5 | [37] | |
| CdS | The biologically synthesized PC-metal nanoparticles, in particular iron oxide, do not impact neuroblastoma cells’ viability. | 50–60 | [24] | |
| DBP-PLGA | Significantly inhibited Aβ aggregation in vitro. Moreover, intravenous injection of DBP-PLGA nanoparticles significantly attenuated the Aβ accumulation, neuroinflammation, neuronal loss and cognitive dysfunction in the 5XFAD mice. | 226.6 ± 44.4 nm | [36] | |
| MEM–PEG–PLGA | Non-cytotoxic brain cell lines. Memantine adopted a slower release profile of NPs into the free medicine solution, minimizing the in vivo drug control frequency. | 200 | [38] | |
| PLGA-PEG-B6 | Could tremendously improve the spatial learning and memory capability of APP/PS1 mice, compared with native Cur | Less 100 | [42] | |
| Anti-Aβ1-42-NPs | Full memory defect correction; substantial decrease of the Aβ-soluble peptide and its brain oligomer level and significant increase of plasma Aβ levels. | 182 | [20] | |
| MoS2 QDs and TPP-MoS2 QDs |
Exhibit a complete bifunctional nanozyme activity that prevents spontaneous neuroinflammation. | 30 and 50 | [30] | |
| Lipid nanoparticles | S80−, PS−, and PA-functionalized SLNs | Could ameliorate the cognition impairment of rats more effectively than the conventional administration of nicotinamide. | 112 ± 1.6, 124 ± 0.8, and 137 ± 1.05 | [65] |
| CN-SLNs | CN can be achieved therapeutically at lower doses and its oral bioavailability enhanced by encapsulating CN in SLNs. | 240.0 ± 4.79 | [67] | |
| TFB-SLNs | The therapeutic level of TFB could be transferred directly to the brain via the olfactory pathway, following the intranasal administration of polymers and lipid nanoparticles. | 200 | [68] | |
| SLN and NLC | NLC permeate more the blood–brain barrier, while amyloid-beta studies demonstrated NLC-transferrin has the capacity to inhibit fibril formation. | Lower than 250 | [39] | |
| EPO-SLN | High potential for drug encapsulation and improved anti-colon cell efficacy | 219.9 ± 15.6 | [69] | |
| NR C NRb Cb |
The positive charge of the coating formula ensured that particles were mucoadhesive and that they were prolonged in the nasal cavity. | 335.76 ± 34.81 358.44 ± 25.89 419.47 ± 24.36 469.71 ± 49.07 |
[47] | |
| Span 60 and cholesterol | Used to solve the problem of the extensive rapid metabolism of rivastigmine. | 100.7 | [48] | |
| Solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN) | Their efficacy, user-friendliness, versatility and intellectual property opportunities through innovating drug delivery in particular for drug release shift systems | 222 ± 21 to 414 ± 11 | [71] | |
| APOE-DONSLN | ApoE, which binds BBB receptors, can be used to successfully target solid lipid nanoparticles | 147.5 ± 0.8 | [50] | |
| NLC | Low toxicity and toxicity against the cell line SH-SY5Y | Below 200 | [75] | |
| RHT-SLNs | Improve the delivery of RHT brain targeting by producing and optimizing RHT-SLNs | 15.6 | [72] | |
| Lipid polymer hybrid NPs | Efficient, fast penetration into healthy albino rats of the bio-inspired surface-modified NPs | 111.6 ± 11.4 | [51] | |
| SLN and PLGA NPs | No toxicity, changes in body weight or clinical symptoms of the disease were found | 200 | [52] | |
| RT-loaded SLN | Zeta potential value of−10 mV was found, polydispersion index was found in the 0.3–0.6 range. | 214 | [73] | |
| RT loaded PLGA-Soya lecithin-Tween-80 | Therapeutic prospect to treat AD and potential carrier for providing sustained brain delivery of RT | 171.74 | [34] | |
| Curcumin and meloxicam-loaded lipid-core nanocapsules (LNC) | No toxicity in relation to the parameters determined of all LNC evaluated in mice | 424 nm (curcumin) and 365 nm (meloxicam) | [61] | |
| POPC: POPG 3:1 | Characterization of simultaneous size and zeta potential in individual capillary nanoparticles and particle mixtures under physiological salinities. | 76 ± 3 | [58] | |
| Gold nanoparticles | AuNPs | High functionality and high active area are used to improve the catalytic activity of captured AuNPs electrocatalytic tags. | 20 | [84] |
| Chiral l− and d−glutathione (GSH) stabilized Au NPs | Can inhibit Aβ42 aggregation and cross BBB after intravenous administration without substantial toxicity. | 3.3 | [85] | |
| D−/L−Pe−Au | Major decrease in the cell index, indicating that cytotoxic effects on PC12 cells depend on concentration. | 7 | [93] | |
| GNPs | Therapeutic ability of GNPs with behavioral and oxidative stress parameters in GNP-treated mice | 20 | [98] | |
| GNPs | Clinical potential may suppress CNS inflammation and oxidative stress, alleviating secondary neurodegenerative processes and reserpine-induced neuronal cell death. | 20 | [99] | |
| Pro-AuNPs nbbAuNPs | HEWL fibrillation greatly reduced with proline and pro-AuNP coincubation, and two slightly different intermediate species were produced with these two systems as CD spectroscopy predicts. | 529 nm and 523 nm | [100] | |
| PEG-coated AuNPs | PEG-coated gold anthocyanins nanoparticles may be a new therapeutic agent for neurodegenerative diseases | 135 ± 5 | [102] | |
| Citrate-based AuNPs | AuNPs SPR band intensity is susceptible to Aβ40 amyloids. This helps SPR test detect and semi-quantify Aβ40 amyloids and describe the kinetics of Aβ amyloid formation. | 23 | [107] |