Table 3.
Endogenous expression of neuropeptides at the site of diverse infections in murine models.
| *NP | Condition | The Source of Endogenous NP | Effect/Evaluated Parameter | Clinical Outcome | Pathogen (Virulence Factor) | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| SP | meningitis | whole brain homogenates and glial cells | blood-brain barrier permeability ↑ cytokines in CNS: TNF-α, IL-6 ↑ IL-10 ↓ |
initiation and progression of neuroinflammation | Streptococcus pneumoniae | [171] |
| SP | infectious keratitis | cornea | IL1-β, MIP-2, TNF-α, IL-6, IL-18, IFN-gamma ↑ NF-κβ activation↑, IL-10 ↓ |
augmenting inflammation in the cornea after infection | Pseudomonas aeruginosa | [172] |
| SP | periodontitis | gingival fibroblasts | HIF-1α and the RANKL/OPG ratio ↑ | participation in periodontitis | Porphyromonas gingivalis | [173] |
| SP | cornea infection | cornea | IFN-gamma ↑ IL-18 ↑ |
induction of the immune response | Pseudomonas aeruginosa | [174] |
| SP | pneumonia | bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and plasma | pulmonary neutrophils recruitment ↑ phagocytosis of pathogen ↑ |
increased survival and enhanced immune response to the infection | Pseudomonas aeruginosa | [175] |
| SP | meningitis | effect observed in WT mouse and compared to NK-1 knockout mouse without SP signalling | TNF-α, IL-6 ↑ IL-10 ↓ |
initiation and/or progression of CNS inflammation | Borrelia burgdorferi | [176] |
| SP | meningitis | effect observed in WT mouse and compared to NK-1 knockout mouse without SP signalling | cellularity ↑ astrogliosis ↑ demyelination ↑ TNF-α, IL-6 ↑ IL-10 ↓ |
initiation and/or progression of CNS inflammation | Neisseria meningitidis | [176] |
| CRH | ileal inflammation | ileal loops lysates | SP level ↑ ileal secretion, epithelial cells damage ↑ neutrophil infiltration, ileal MPO activity ↑ |
acute intestinal inflammatory response | Clostridium difficile (toxin A) | [177] |
| CRH and Ucn | antibiotic-associated colitis | ileal loops lysates | IL-8, monocyte chemoattractant protein – 1 ↑ intestinal secretion, epithelial cells damage, histological scoring of inflammation ↑ |
inflammatory response in the intestine | Clostridium difficile (toxin A) | [178] |
| CGRP | keratitis | cornea | macrophages aggregation ↑ in vitro test on isolated mouse macrophages with exogenous CGRP: IL-10 ↑, Il-1β, TNF-α, IL-6 ↓ |
protective role against inflammation in A. fumigatus keratitis | Aspergillus fumigatus | [179] |
*NP—neuropeptide; other acronyms are in the list of abbreviations; ↑—increase, ↓—decrease.