Table 1.
Characteristics of derivation studies used for consensus definition of low grip strength.
| Name of Consensus (YOP) | Study Population Characteristics | Measurement Method of Grip Strength | Method for Derivation of Cut-Offs Points | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sample Size and Region | Age | Characteristics of Participants | Device Used | No. of Trials per Hand | Selection of Hand | Value Used for Analysis | ||
| EWGSOP2 (2020) | 49,964 Great Britain (12 cohorts) [12] |
Median: 58 (Range 4–102) | Community-dwelling Exclusion: none |
Mixed: Jamar Harpenden Smedley Nottingham Takei | Mixed 2–3 |
Mixed Both hands, Domi-nant hand |
Max. | ≥2.5 SDs below the gender-specific population mean |
| AWGS1 (2014) | 1158 Japan [8] |
Mean W: 73.9 Mean M: 74.4 (Range 65 to N.r.) |
Community-dwelling Exclusion: none |
Takei | 1 | Both hands | Max. | Lowest quartile (by gender) |
| AWGS2 (2019) | 26,344 Asia (7 cohorts) [13] |
Mean: N.r. (Range 65 to N.r.) | Community-dwelling Exclusion: none |
Mixed: Smedley Jamar | 2 | N.r. | Max. | Lowest quintile (by gender) |
| EWGSOP1 (2010) | 1030 Italy [14] |
Mean: N.r. (Range 20–102) | Community-dwelling Exclusion: Participants stroke, Parkinson’s disease, peripheral neuropathy, and cognitive impairment |
N.r. | N.r. | N.r. | N.r. | Optimal cutoff according to ROC in the identification of participants walking slower than 0.8 m/s |
| FNIH2 (2014) | 20,847 USA/ Europe (9 cohorts) [11] |
Mean W: 78.1 Mean M: 74.9 (Range 65 to N.r.) |
Community-dwelling Exclusion: none |
Mixed: Jamar Smith& Nephew Medley |
Mixed 2–3 |
MixedBoth hands, right hand, left hand | Max. | CART analysis predicting probability of slow walking (<0.8 m/s) (by gender) (a) |
| FNIH1 (2014) | 26,625 USA/ Europe (9 cohorts) [10] |
Mean W: 78.6 Mean M: 75.2 (Range 65 to N.r.) |
Community-dwelling Exclusion: none |
Mixed (Jamar, Smith Medley) | N.r. | Either hand | Max. | CART analysis predicting probability of slow walking (<0.8 m/s) (by gender) (a) |
| Fried (2001) |
5317 USA (2 cohorts) [5] |
Mean: N.r. (Range 65-101) | Community-dwelling Exclusion: history of Parkinson’s disease, stroke, or Mini-Mental scores <18, and intake of Sinemet, Aricept, or antidepressant |
Jamar | 3 | Domi-nant | Mean | Lowest 20th percentile (by gender, and BMI) |
| SDOC (2020) | 18,767 USA/ Europe/ Asia (8 cohorts) [7] |
Mean W: 77.1 Mean M: 78.1 (Range 65 to N.r.) | Community-dwelling Exclusion: none |
Jamar | Mixed 2–3 | Either hand | Max. | CART analyses (ROC curve and Youden index) predicting slow walking speed (<1.0 m/s) |
Abbreviations: N.r., not reported; YOP, year of publication; AWGS, Asia Working Group on Sarcopenia; EWGSOP, European Working Group on Sarcopenia in Older People; FNIH, The Foundation for the National Institutes of Health Biomarkers Consortium Sarcopenia Project; SDOC, Sarcopenia Definitions and Outcomes Consortium; SD, standard deviation; W, women; M, men; ROC, receiver operating curve. (a) Detailed specification by the authors: “Because the additional value of including BMI in the definition of weakness was unclear (ie, including BMI did not consistently improve model fit or result in stronger associations between weakness and slowness), we elected to use cutpoints based on grip strength alone as our primary analysis.”