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Main anticancer molecular pathways mediated by cannabinoids. Cannabinoids inhibit cell cycle progression (↓cyclin-CDK complexes, ↓cAMP, ↑ROS↓, PI3K/Akt), can induce apoptosis (ROS↑, caspase8-9↑, MAPK/ERK↓, PI3K/Akt↓) and autophagy (Ceramide↑, ER STRESS↑, mTORC1/2↓, LC3-II↑) by activation of cannabinoid receptors CB1 or CB2, but can be also induced by mechanisms independent of CB1 and CB2 receptors.
