Table 1.
Study characteristics of articles included in the meta-analysis.
| Study | Year | Country | Cancer Site(s) | Recruitment Period | Follow Up | Tumor Sample Size | Histological Subtypes (n) | Sex | Treatment (n) | ||
| Range (Months) | Mean/Median (Months) | ||||||||||
| Abduljabbar et al. [42] | 2015 | UK | Breast | NR | NR | 107 | 999 | DC (846), LC (80), MC (20), special types (44) | All F | NR | |
| Elkashif et al. [43] | 2020 | UK | Breast | NR | NR | NR | 295 | NR | All F | FEC (129), CMF (77), FEC-DTX (18), TAM/RTx (17), A/C (14), none (13), NR (1) | |
| Gokon et al. [44] | 2020 | Japan | Oesophageal | NR | NR | NR | 87 | OAC all | M: 73 F: 14 |
NR | |
| Heuck et al. [45] | 2012 | USA | Myeloma | NR | NR | NR | 668 | NR | M: 199 F: 152 |
Thalidomide (323), | |
| Ho et al. [46] | 2002 | Taiwan | Liver | 1993–1997 | NR | NR | 92 | NR | M: 69 F: 23 |
None | |
| Ip et al. [47] | 2015 | Australia | Adrenal | 1998–2003 | NR | 34 | 61 | All ACC | M: 26 F: 38 |
Mitotane (25), RTx (14), CTx (22) | |
| Ishiguro et al. [48] | 2014 | USA | Bladder | NR | NR | NR | 152 | Urothelial (106), SCC (3), NR (43) | M: 114 F: 35 |
Intravesicle BCG (17) | |
| Kashiwagi et al. [49] | 2016 | Japan | Bladder | NR | NR | 37 | 99 | NR | M: 60 F: 39 |
NR | |
| Kato et al. [50] | 1993 | USA | Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia | 1981–1984 | ≤113 | NR | 546 | ALL | M: 290 F: 256 |
Vincristine & prednisone with SoC and 6-mercaptopurine and methotrexate or SoC and methotrexate | |
| Kost et al. [51] | 2019 | Germany | Cervical | 1993–2002 | ≤235 | NR | 250 | SCC (202), AC (48) | All F | NR | |
| Lu et al. [52] | 2006 | Taiwan | Lung | 1995–2000 | NR | NR | 85 | AC (55), SCC (21), large cell (3), other (6) | M: 49 F: 36 |
GEM/CDDP (62), PTX/CDDP (18), GEM alone (6) | |
| Mimae et al. [53] | 2011 | Japan | Thymic | 1973–2009 | 0.03–356.1 | 64.6 | 140 | A + AB (57), B1 + B2 (40), B3 (6), TC (37) + | M: 53 F: 87 |
NR | |
| Mitani et al. [54] | 2020 | USA | Salivary duct | 1983–2011 | ≤60 | NR | 67 | NR | M: 48 F: 19 |
NR | |
| Shi et al. [55] | 2019 | China | Breast | NR | NR | NR | 150 | NR | NR | NR | |
| Shim et al. [56] | 2019 | South Korea | Prostate | 2000–2013 | NR | NR | 95 | NR | All M | Hormonal (33), DTX (27) | |
| Surati et al. [57] | 2011 | USA | Lung | NR | NR | NR | 93 | AC (58), LCC (18), SCC (15), non-specified (14) | M: 63 F: 42 |
NR | |
| Tangen et al. [58] | 2017 | Norway | Endometrial | 2001–2005 | NR | NR | 724 | ED (582), A-SCC (6), CC (28), SP (67), CS (28), UD/other (13) | All F | CTx (126), RTx (61), CT/RTx (5), hormonal (5), none (527) | |
| Ueki et al. [59] | 2020 | Japan | Oesophageal | 2008–2015 | NR | NR | 98 | SCC all | M: 83 F: 15 |
CDDP (98), DEX (98) | |
| Vahrenkamp et al. [60] | 2018 | USA | Endometrial | NR | NR | NR | 177 | NR | All F | NR | |
| Veneris et al. [61] | 2017 | USA | Ovarian | 1995–2010 | 26.3–71.2 (IQR) | 43.4 | 341 | SE (240), ED (32), CC (42), mucinous (17), other (10) | All F | Adjuvant CTx (341) | |
| Veneris et al. [62] | 2019 | USA | Ovarian | NR | NR | NR | 222 | Serous (222) | All F | NR | |
| West et al. [63] | 2018 | USA | Breast (ER-) | NR | NR | NR | 623 | Basal-like 1 (171), Basal-like 2 (75), mesenchymal (175), luminal AR (202) | All F | Tam., Tam + AI, AI & | |
| West et al. [64] | 2016 | USA | Breast (ER+) | NR | NR | NR | 502 | Oestrogen receptor positive | All F | Adjuvant CTx and/or Tam (number of patients NR) | |
| Yakirevich et al. [65] | 2011 | USA | Renal | 1998–2006 | 1–88 | 36 | 200 | CRCC (147), PRCC (23), CHRCC (16), OC (14) | M: 139 F: 61 |
None | |
| Yeh et al. [66] | 2006 | Taiwan | Gastric | 1997–1999 | ≤72 | NR | 75 | NR | M: 58 F: 17 |
NR | |
| Study | Mean/Median Age (Years) | Tumor Grade (n) | Tumor Stage | Technique for GR Assessment |
Antibody
(Clone, Animal, Manufacturer, Dilution) |
Definition of GR+ | GR+/High, No. (%) | ||||
| Magnitude | Location of Staining | ||||||||||
| Abduljabbar et al. [42] | 54 | 1 (153), 2 (324), 3 (513) | I (603), II (306), III (81) | IHC | SC-1003, rabbit, Santa Cruz Biotechnology, 1:80 | ≥10% | Nuclear and cytoplasmic | 617 (61.8) | |||
| Elkashif et al. [43] | 45, 49, 50, 54 | 1 (0), 2 (25), 3 (221) | NR | IHC | D8H2, NR, Cell Signaling Technology, 1:50 | NR | Nuclear | 220 (74.6) | |||
| Gokon et al. [44] | 68.9, 65.2 | Well/moderate (73), poor (14) | I (51), II (8), III (22), IV (6) | IHC | D6H2L, NR, Cell Signaling Technology, 1:400 | >4.0 | NR | 50 (57.5) | |||
| Heuck et al. [45] | NR | NR | NR | Microarray | N/A | 895 | N/A | NR | |||
| Ho et al. [46] | 57 | 1/2 (41), 3/4 (51) | II (26), III (35), IV (31) | DCC | N/A | NR | N/A | 63 (68.5) | |||
| Ip et al. [47] | 50 | NR | I (2), II (23), III (16), IV (20) ^ | IHC | 4H2, NR, Novocastra, 1:20 | >1 | Nuclear and cytoplasmic | NR | |||
| Ishiguro et al. [48] | NR | Low grade (53), high grade (96) | NR | IHC | H300, NR, Santa Cruz Biotechnology, 1:200 | ≥1% | Nuclear | 129 (86.6) | |||
| Kashiwagi et al. [49] | 71 | Low (15), high (84) | pTa-pT1 (37), pT2-pT4 (62) | IHC | H-300, NR, Santa Cruz Biotechnology, 1:200 | >1% | Nuclear | 62 (62.6) | |||
| Kato et al. [50] | NR | NR | NR | RLB | N/A | NR | N/A | 314 (57.5) | |||
| Kost et al. [51] | 47 | 1 (21), 2 (143), 3 (78), unclassified (8) | I (64), II (49), III (37), IV (7), NS (93) # | IHC | 4H2, mouse, Novocastra, 1:30 | ≥1% | Nuclear | 161 (64.4) | |||
| Lu et al. [52] | NR | NR | IIIb (14), IV (71) | IHC | PA1-511A, NR, Affinity Bioreagents, 1:500 | >10% | NR | 43 (51) | |||
| Mimae et al. [53] | 57.4 | NR | I + II (98), III + IV (42) ## | IHC | H8004, NR, Perseus Proteomics, 1:200 | Allred score ≥3 | NR | 116 (82.9) | |||
| Mitani et al. [54] | 62 | NR | I/II (4), III/IV (40) | IHC | NR, mouse, BD Biosciences, 1:100 | NR | Nuclear | 12 (23.6) | |||
| Shi et al. [55] | NR | NR | I (10), II (83), III (46) & | IHC | D8H2, rabbit, Cell Signaling Technology, NR | ≥7% | Nuclear | 68 (45.3) | |||
| Shim et al. [56] | 73 | 7 (11), 8 (12), 9 (46), 10 (26) $ | NR | qPCR | N/A | NR | N/A | (16.2) | |||
| Surati et al. [57] | 61 | NR | I (49), II (12), III (32), IV (6), NS (6) | IHC | NR, NR, Novocastra, NR | NR | Nuclear and cytoplasmic | NR | |||
| Tangen et al. [58] | NR | 1/2 (489), 3 (92) | I/II (615), III/IV (109) # | IHC | D8H2, rabbit, Cell Signaling Technology, 1:500 | ≥10% | NR | 186 (25.7) | |||
| Ueki et al. [59] | NR | Well/moderate (84), poor (10), unclassified (4) | pT1a-pT1b (28), pT2-pT4b (70) | IHC | D6H2L, NR, Cell Signaling Technology, 1:400 | ≥10% | Nuclear | 52 (53.1) | |||
| Vahrenkamp et al. [60] | NR | NR | NR | RNA seq | N/A | 30th percentile | N/A | NR | |||
| Veneris et al. (2017) [61] | 58 | 1 (30), 2 (62), 3 (249) | I/II (96), III/IV (245) # | IHC | D8H2 XP, rabbit, Cell Signaling, 1:500 | ≥1% | Nuclear | 133 (39) | |||
| Veneris et al. (2019) [62] | 59 | 2 (23), 3 (192), unclassified (7) | I (3), II (12), III (168), IV (38), unclassified (1) # | Microarray | N/A | NR | N/A | 111 (50) | |||
| West et al. (2018) [63] | 51 & | NR | NR | Microarray | N/A | NR | N/A | 163 (26.2) | |||
| West et al. (2016) [64] | NR | NR | NR | Microarray | N/A | 25th percentile | N/A | 311 (61.9) | |||
| Yakirevich et al. [65] | 68 | 1 (13), 2 (82), 3 (71), 4 (20) | I (109), II (30), III (33), IV (14) | IHC | PA1-511A, rabbit, Affinity Bioreagents, 1:500 | NR | Nuclear | 106 (53) | |||
| Yeh et al. [66] | 62, 64 | Well (1), moderate (26), poorly (48) | pT3 (39), pT4 (36) | DCC | N/A | NR | Cytosol | 31 (41.3) | |||
& Incomplete data, + WHO classification, # FIGO stage, ## Masaoka stage, ^ ENSAT stage, $ Gleason score. Abbreviations: CTx = chemotherapy, RTx = radiotherapy, GEM = gemcitabine, PTX = paclitaxel, CDDP = cisplatin, DTX = docetaxel, FEC = 5-fluorouracil, epirubicin and cyclophosphamide, CMF = (cyclophosphamide, methotrexate, 5-fluorouracil), Tam = tamoxifen, AI = aromatase inhibitor, A/C = Adriamycin/cyclophosphamide, DEX = dexamethasone, BCG = bacillus Calmette-Guérin, OAC = oesophageal adenocarcinoma, LCC = large cell carcinoma, CRCC = clear cell renal cell carcinoma, PRCC = papillary renal cell carcinoma, CHRCC = chromophobe RCC, OC = oncocytoma, TC = Thymic carcinoma, DC = ductal carcinoma, LC = lobular carcinoma, MC = medullary-like carcinoma, ACC = Adrenocortical carcinoma, ED = endometroid, A-SCC = adeno-squamous carcinoma, CC = clear cell, SP = serous papillary, CS = carcinosarcoma, UD = undifferentiated, ALL = acute lymphoblastic leukaemia, RLB = radioligand binding assay, DCC = dextran coated charcoal, IHC = immunohistochemistry, qPCR = Quantitative polymerase chain reaction, NR = not reported.