Figure 3.

Adipose tissue in vitro models (A) Membrane mature adipocyte aggregate cultures (MAACs) enabling long-term culture of buoyant primary adipocytes. Reproduced and slightly modified from [160] (CC BY 4.0); (B) Microanalytical fluidic system for the monitoring of glycerol secretion from adipocytes at a 3.5 s temporal resolution. Reproduced from Ref. [164] with permission from The Royal Society of Chemistry; (C) Organ-on-chip for studying adipocyte-immune interaction with integrated biosensors for cytokine measurement. Reproduced from Ref. [165] with permission from The Royal Society of Chemistry; (D) Adipose-on-chip integrating human mature adipocytes into a micro-physiological environment featuring vasculature-like perfusion. Reproduced from reference [167] (CC BY 4.0)”.