Table 3.
Case-Cohort Control Study Adjusted Risk Ratios of Testing COVID-19 Positive among UK Biobank Incident Cancer Patients by Deprivation, Age, Sex, Ethnicity, Employment Status, BMI and Cancer Type (N = 18,917).
| Variables | Model 1 aRR (95% CI) |
Model 2 aRR (95% CI) |
Model 3 aRR (95% CI) |
Model 4 aRR (95% CI) |
Model 5 aRR (95% CI) |
Model 6 aRR (95% CI) |
Model 7 aRR (95% CI) |
* Model 8 aRR (95% CI) |
Model 9 aRR (95% CI) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Townsend Deprivation Index | |||||||||
| 2nd vs. 1st | 1.96 (0.84–4.58) | 1.96 (0.84–4.58) | 1.84 (0.78–4.34) | 1.81 (0.77–4.28) | 1.79 (0.76–4.23) | 1.80 (0.76–4.25) | 1.79 (0.76–4.24) | 2.09 (0.85–5.13) | 1.90 (0.82–4.46) |
| 3rd vs. 1st | 2.22 (0.97–5.11) | 2.21 (0.96–5.09) | 2.21 (0.96–5.08) | 2.18 (0.95–5.01) | 2.01 (0.86–4.68) | 2.02 (0.87–4.69) | 2.00 (0.86–4.65) | 2.02 (0.81–5.04) | 1.98 (0.85–4.61) |
| 4th vs. 1st | 1.78 (0.75–4.19) | 1.74 (0.74–4.07) | 1.74 (0.74–4.07) | 1.56 (0.65–3.72) | 1.49 (0.63–3.54) | 1.49 (0.63–3.53) | 1.49 (0.63–3.54) | 1.78 (0.72–4.42) | 1.60 (0.68–3.76) |
| 5th vs. 1st | 3.46 (1.59–7.53) | 3.20 (1.45–7.06) | 2.86 (1.27–6.41) | 2.69 (1.21–6.00) | 2.41 (1.05–5.55) | 2.38 (1.04–5.48) | 2.37 (1.03–5.44) | 2.52 (1.00–6.33) | 2.57 (1.13–5.85) |
| Sex | |||||||||
| male vs. female | 1.13 (0.74–1.74) | 1.11 (0.72–1.72) | 1.16 (0.74–1.83) | 1.12 (0.72–1.75) | 1.16 (0.73–1.85) | 1.16 (0.73–1.85) | 1.16 (0.73–1.83) | 1.20 (0.71–2.02) | 1.08 (0.69–1.70) |
| Age | |||||||||
| per ten-year increase | 1.17 (0.83–1.73) | 1.21 (0.86–1.70) | 1.15 (0.73–1.81) | 1.12 (0.70–1.80) | 1.10 (0.68–1.78) | 1.08 (0.67–1.76) | 1.10 (0.68–1.78) | 1.10 (0.66–1.84) | 1.12 (0.70–1.80) |
| Ethnicity | |||||||||
| Asian vs. White | 1.49 (0.36–6.04) | 0.74 (0.10–5.41) | 0.91 (0.12–6.61) | 0.97 (0.13–7.39) | 0.93 (0.12–7.09) | 0.94 (0.13–6.89) | 1.16 (0.14–9.31) | 1.64 (0.39–6.89) | |
| Black vs. White | 2.92 (0.99–8.67) | 2.97 (1.00–8.85) | 3.43 (1.21–9.77) | 3.52 (1.19–10.45) | 3.39 (1.14–10.07) | 3.41 (1.15–10.11) | 5.79 (1.88–17.85) | 3.44 (1.13–10.46) | |
| Others vs. White | 1.86 (0.47–7.30) | 1.80 (0.46–7.05) | 1.89 (0.46–7.82) | 2.00 (0.51–7.83) | 1.94 (0.50–7.58) | 1.91 (0.49–7.46) | 2.83 (0.73–10.91) | 1.80 (0.46–7.06) | |
| Employment status | |||||||||
| Retired vs. employed | 1.29 (0.74–2.24) | 1.32 (0.76–2.31) | 1.28 (0.72–2.26) | 1.28 (0.72–2.27) | 1.28 (0.72–2.26) | 1.39 (0.79–2.46) | 1.22 (0.69–2.14) | ||
| Unemployed/unpaid vs. employed | 2.09 (1.03–4.24) | 2.11 (1.04–4.29) | 2.01 (0.99–4.09) | 2.00 (0.98–4.07) | 1.99 (0.98–4.04) | 2.35 (1.06–5.20) | 2.07 (1.02–4.20) | ||
| Smoking status | |||||||||
| Current smoker vs. non-smoker | 1.44 (0.71–2.96) | 1.51 (0.74–3.06) | 1.49 (0.73–3.02) | 1.49 (0.73–3.04) | 1.30 (0.54–3.16) | 1.77 (0.91–3.44) | |||
| Ex-smoker vs. non-smoker | 1.69 (1.07–2.68) | 1.57 (0.99–2.50) | 1.56 (0.98–2.49) | 1.56 (0.98–2.49) | 1.53 (0.93–2.52) | 1.56 (0.98–2.47) | |||
| BMI | |||||||||
| Per 5 kg/m2 increase | 1.28 (1.08–1.52) | 1.29 (1.09–1.52) | 1.28 (1.08–1.51) | 1.41 (1.20–1.67) | 1.27 (1.08–1.50) | ||||
| Malignancy type | |||||||||
| Haematological vs. skin melanoma and ** others | 4.21 (0.92–19.33) | 4.18 (0.91–19.18) | 3.94 (0.84–18.38) | 4.30 (0.94–19.70) | |||||
| Non-haematological vs. skin melanoma and ** others | 2.74 (0.67–11.22) | 2.74 (0.67–11.19) | 2.31 (0.56–9.53) | 2.80 (0.69–11.46) | |||||
| Years of cancer diagnosis | |||||||||
| Within 5 years vs. beyond 5 years of diagnosis | 1.55 (0.93–2.58) | 1.44 (0.81–2.56) | 1.67 (1.02–2.73) | ||||||
| Marital status | |||||||||
| With a partner vs. without a partner | 2.36 (0.66–8.35) | 1.36 (0.52–3.57) |
Abbreviations: aRR, adjusted risk ratio; BMI, body mass index; M1: adjusted for Townsend Deprivation Index, age, and sex; M2: M1 + Ethnicity; M3: M2 + Employment status; M4: M3 + Smoking status; M5: M4 + BMI in kg/m2; M6: M5 + Malignancy type; M7: M6 + Years of cancer diagnosis; M8: M7 + Marital status; M9: Multiple imputation. * Model 8 is the final model. ** others: all other cancers excluding non-melanoma skin cancers and other types of non-malignant neoplasms (ICD-10 C.44 and D.00-49).