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. 2021 Mar 30;22(7):3591. doi: 10.3390/ijms22073591

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© 2021 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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The common signaling pathways regulating EMT. The progression of EMT is controlled by several extracellular and intracellular signaling pathways. Their coordinated interactions bind to DNA promoter regions of EMT-TFs, leading to promotion of transcriptional activity of EMT-TFs. The expressions of EMT-TFs play a key role in regulating the expression of their target genes related to EMT and cancer metastasis. (Left to right: matrix protein/ILK, WNT/PI3K/β-catenin, TGF-β/PI3K/NF-κB, TGF-β/SMAD complex, growth factors or TGF-β/RAS/ERK, growth factors/TAK1/MAPK, Jagged/NOTCH-ICD, and Sonic Hedgehog/GLI1) ILK, integrin-linked kinase; TGF-β, transforming growth factor-beta; PI3K, phosphoinositide 3-kinase; NF-κB, nuclear factor-kappa B; ERK, extracellular signal-regulated kinase; JNK, c-Jun N-terminal kinases; MAPK, mitogen-activated protein kinase; TAK1, transforming growth factor β-activated kinase 1; MEK, MAPK/ERK kinase; MKK, mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase.