Table 1.

Regulation of the Snail family by post-translational modifications (PTMs).

Transcription Factor	Function	Effects on EMT-TFs	Regulation Factor	Role or Mechanism	Reference
Snail	Phosphorylation	Stabilization	Lats2	Phosphorylation at Thr203	[52]
			PTK6	Phosphorylation at Tyr342	[53]
			ATM	Phosphorylation at Ser100	[54]
		Degradation	PKD1	Phosphorylation at Ser11	[55]
		Nuclear accumulation	GROα	Phosphorylation at Ser246	[56]
			ERK	Phosphorylation at Ser82 and Ser104	[57]
			PAK1	Phosphorylation at Ser246	[58]
	Ubiquitination	Degradation	β-TrCP	Ubiquitination at pSer96 and pSer100	[59]
			FBXO11	Ubiquitination at pSer11	[60]
			FBXL14	Ubiquitination at Lys98, Lys137, and Lys146	[61]
			FBXL5	Ubiquitination at Lys85, Lys146, and Lys234	[62]
	Dephosphorylation	Stabilization	SCP	Dephosphorylation at Ser96 and Ser100	[63,64]
	Acetylation	Increasing transcriptional activity	CBP	Acetylation at Lys126 and Lys187	[65]
	Glycosylation	Stabilization	O-GlcNAc	O-GlcNAc at Ser112	[66]
Slug	Phosphorylation	Nuclear translocation	ERK-vimentin complex	Phosphorylation at Ser87	[67]
		Degradation	GSK3β	Phosphorylation at Ser92, Ser96, Ser100, and Ser104	[48]
			CDK2	Phosphorylation at Ser54 and Ser104	[68]
		Stabilization	PAK4	Phosphorylation at Ser158 and Ser254	[69]
	Ubiquitination	Degradation	FBXL14	Ubiquitination depends on Leu33, Tyr34, Val58, and Trp59	[70]
			β-TrCP	GSK3β-mediated ubiquitination	[71]
			CHIP	GSK3β-mediated ubiquitination	[72]
			p53	MDM2-mediated ubiquitination	[73]
		Stabilization	pellino-1	Ubiquitination at Lys63	[74]
	Sumoylation	Stabilization	p14Arf	Sumoylation at Lys192	[75]
	Acetylation	Stabilization	Sirtuin 2	Deacetylation at Lys116	[51]
			CBP	Acetylation at Lys166 and Lys211	[76]

Lats2, large tumor suppressor kinase 2; PTK6, protein tyrosine kinase 6; ATM, ataxia–telangiectasia mutated kinase; PKD1, protein kinase D1; GROα, growth-regulated protein alpha; ERK, extracellular signal-regulated kinase; PAK1, p21 activating protein kinase 1; β-TrCP, beta-transducin repeat-containing protein; FBXO11, F-box only protein 11; FBXL14, F-Box and leucine-rich repeat protein 14; FBXL5, F-box and leucine-rich repeat protein 5; SCP, small C-terminal domain phosphatase; CBP, CREB-binding protein; O-GlcNAc, O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine; GSK3β, glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta; CDK2, cyclin-dependent kinase 2; PAK4, p21 activating protein kinase 4; CHIP, carboxy terminus of the Hsc70-interacting protein.