Table 2.

Regulation of the Twist family by PTMs.

Transcription Factor	Function	Effects on EMT-TFs	Regulation Factor	Role or Mechanism	Reference
Twist1	Phosphorylation	Stabilization	MAPK	Phosphorylation at Ser68	[133]
			Akt2	Phosphorylation at Ser42	[134,135]
			CK2α	Phosphorylation at Ser18 and Ser20	[136]
			PKCα	Phosphorylation at Ser144	[137]
			Aurora A	Phosphorylation at Ser123, Thr148, and Ser184	[138]
		Nuclear translocation	CD44	c-Src-dependent phosphorylation at tyrosine	[139]
		Degradation	Akt1	Phosphorylation at Ser42, Thr121, and Ser123	[140]
			IKKβ	Phosphorylation at Thr125 and Ser127	[141]
	Dephosphorylation	Degradation	SCP1	Dephosphorylation at Ser68	[142]
	Ubiquitination	Degradation	β-TrCP	Ubiquitination at Thr121 and Ser123	[140]
			FBXL14	C-terminal Twist box-dependent ubiquitination	[143]
	Acetylation	Nuclear translocation	PCAF	Acetylation at Lys73, Lys76, and Lys77	[144]
		Nuclear translocation	Tip60	Acetylation at Lys73 and Lys76	[145,146]
	Methylation		PRMT1	Methylation at Arg34	[147]

MAPK, mitogen-activated protein kinase; CK2α, casein kinase 2 alpha; PKCα, protein kinase C alpha; IKKβ, inhibitor of NF-κB kinase beta; SCP1, small C-terminal domain phosphatase 1; β-TrCP, beta-transducin repeat-containing protein; FBXL14, F-Box and leucine-rich repeat protein 14; PCAF, p300/CBP-associated factor; Tip60, tat-interacting protein of 60 kDa; PRMT1, protein arginine methyl transferase 1.