Table 1.
Procedures, methods and indicators for quality assurance (QA) and quality control (QC) of mosquito surveillance and control programs in Europe.
| Procedure | Methods | Quality Assurance (QA) | Quality Control (QC) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Long term surveillance | Egg monitoring (ovitraps) | Evaluate the sampling plan; estimate the trap coverage or number of “sampling units” and the trap management plan; estimate the monitoring effort and cost | Assessment of trap/sampling performance; timeliness and quality of data reporting (e.g., databases, maps) |
| Larval monitoring (water netting or dipping) | |||
| Adult monitoring (host seeking, adult resting, adult trapping) | |||
| Insecticide treatment | Biocides (larvicides) | Mapping of potential breeding sites; environmental and health safety; genotypic and phenotypic insecticide resistance; estimate the treatment effort and economic cost and contrast them against planning | Assessment of live larvae in breeding sites and/or adult emergence; analysis of larvae population dynamics and growth; biocides efficacy and persistence analysis |
| Biocides (adulticides) | Measures of adult mortality and population density and dynamics | ||
| Source reduction (public and private areas) | Removal of mosquito breeding sites, prevention of water accumulation, avoidment of mosquito access, introduction of natural enemies (e.g., fishes, copepods) | Identification of areas with high potentially removable breeding sites (e.g., landfill, ponds); estimate the reduction effort and cost and contrast them against planning | Number and/or proportion of removed breeding sites out of initial estimates; presence of nets on barrel or rainwater reservoirs; absence of water in outdoor containers; presence of natural enemies inside ornamental or permanent ponds |
| Raising of public awareness (communication campaigns) | Identification of target audience (e.g., nurseries, used tires, gardens); estimate the cost of communication campaign | Assess the success of communication campaign; questionnaire post interventions (KAP studies) | |
| Autocidal treatments (e.g., autodissemination) | Estimate the number of breeding sites in private areas; environmental and health safety; estimate the treatment effort and cost | Artificial breeding site sentinel; efficacy analysis and persistence; estimate the success of breeding sites reduction | |
| Adult mass trapping | Lethal ovitraps, sticky- gravid trap, BG-trap | Estimate of trap coverage in target habitat; evaluate the trap management plan; estimate the cost-effectiveness | Number of traps deployed, and mosquito trapped; monitoring of mosquito density and dynamics |
| Male-releases (e.g., Aedes albopictus) | Sterile Insect Technique (SIT) | Regulation; target mosquito population size and dynamics; estimate the dose of sterile males and frequency of releases; coverage (area to be treated); examine the quality profile of males planned to be released; estimate the cost-effectiveness | Field induced sterility and population suppression; impact on the epidemiological risk assessment; field competitiveness indices of release males; dispersion of released males; routine quality test of released males |
| Wolbachia infected males (Incompatible Insect Technique, IIT) |