Table 3.

Influence of 3D assembly on MSC-mediated immunoregulatory functions.

Strategy	Method/ Biomaterial	Cell Source	In Vitro/In Vivo Immunomodulatory Effect	References
3D spheroid	Hanging drop	hBM-MSC	(in vitro) PGE2 ↑, M2 ↑	[133,137]
3D spheroid	Hanging drop	hBM-MSC	(in vitro) Self-activation of IL1 pathway PGE2 ↑, M ↓, M2 ↑	[135]
3D spheroid	Hanging drop	hBM-MSC	(in vitro) TSG-6 ↑, STC-1 ↑, LIF ↑ (in vivo) M1 ↓ peritonitis model	[136]
3D spheroid	Hanging drop	hAD-MSC	(in vitro) PGE2 ↑, M1 ↓, M2 ↑ (in vivo) CD11b+F4/80+ cell ↓, M1 ↓, M2 ↑ in FHF model	[138]
3D spheroid + IL-1αβ priming	Hanging drop	hBM-MSC	(in vitro) priming enhanced TNF-α ↓ in LPS-treated BV2 cell	[139]
3D spheroid + TNF-α, IFN-γ priming	Forced aggregation	hAD-MSC	(in vitro) priming enhanced M1 ↓	[140]