Table 6.
Mechanical properties of scaffold materials.
| Scaffold Material | Scaffold Fabrication Method | Young’s Modulus (MPa) |
Strength (MPa) | Elongation (%) at Break | Scaffold Application | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cortical bone | NA | 15–20 × 103 | 100–230 | / | NA | [35,256] |
| Trabecular bone | 0.1–2 × 103 | 2–12 | / | |||
| Cancellous bone | 20–500 | 4–12 | / | |||
| Cartilage | 0.7–15.3 | 3.7–10.5 | / | |||
| Tendon | 0.143–2.31 × 103 | 24–112 | / | |||
| Silk fibroin (SF) | Solvent casting | 310 ± 90 | 22.8 ± 13.7 | 1.3 ± 0.3 | Soft tissue engineering | [257] |
| Gelatin (G) | 370 ± 80 | 95.3 ± 25.6 | 5.3 ± 1.4 | |||
| SF/G (50/50) | 460 ± 70 | 89.4 ± 12.9 | 3.2 ± 0.6 | |||
| Collagen | Solution casting | / | 57 ± 6 | 16.3 ± 1.3 | Biomedical applications | [258] |
| Collagen/cellulose nanofibers (8%) | 156 ± 5 | 23.06 ± 1.3 | ||||
| Alginate | Freeze-drying | 65 ± 13 ×10−3 | 326 ± 49 × 10−3 | / | Bone tissue engineering | [243] |
| Alginate–gelatin–bioglass (5 w/v%) | 417 ± 33 × 10−3 | 908 ± 117 ×10−3 | ||||
| Silk fibroin | Freeze-drying | 70 ± 1.01 × 10−3 | 14 ± 2 × 10−3 | 27.5 ± 6.2 | Tissue engineering | [183] |
| Chitosan/gelatin | 20 ± 1.3 × 10−3 | 5.6 ± 0.2 × 10−3 | 37.9 ± 3.8 | |||
| Silk fibroin/chitosan/gelatin | 27 ± 1.4 × 10−3 | 7.4 ± 0.3 × 10−3 | 36.6 ± 3.5 | |||
| Chitosan | Lyophilization | 6.8 ± 0.5 | 4.7 ± 0.4 | 62 ± 8.7 | Nerve regeneration, cartilage regeneration | [259] |
| Chitosan/silk fibroin (7:3) | 5.3 ± 0.2 | 3.1 ± 0.7 | 56 ± 7.4 | |||
| Chitosan/silk fibroin (5:5) | 3.4 ± 0.3 | 2.1 ± 0.5 | 33 ± 4.8 | |||
| PCL | Cryogenic plotting/melt plotting |
17.00 ± 0.75 | 1.71 ± 0.37 | / | Hard tissue regeneration | [260] |
| Collagen | 0.55 ± 0.03 | 0.024 ± 0.003 | ||||
| Core (PCL)–shell (collagen/alginate) (shell–core = 0.18) | 8.68 ± 1.14 | 1.28 ± 0.17 | ||||
| PCL/gelatin/hyaluronic acid fibers | Electrospinning | / | 7.9 ± 0.8 | 69 | Glioblastoma extracellular matrix | [261] |
| Gelatin | Electrospinning | 105 | 2.50 | 64 | Tissue engineering | [262] |
| PCL | 4.98 | 2.70 | 126 | |||
| Gelatin/PCL | 30.8 | 1.29 | 138 | |||
| PLLA | Electrospinning | 55.93 ± 2.11 | 3.05 ± 0.21 | 37.3 ± 3.9 | Tissue engineering | [263] |
| PLLA/PCL (90/10) | 18.11 ± 0.94 | 2.75 ± 0.09 | 66.5 ± 8.6 | |||
| PLLA/PCL (50/50) | 6.21 ± 0.64 | 1.58 ± 0.16 | 94.6 ± 7.5 | |||
| PGA | Melt compounding or lamination | 7000 | 115 | 16.4 | Biomedical applications | [264] |
| PHB | Solution-cast | 3500 | 40 | 5 | Therapeutic applications | [265] |
| Polypropylene | / | 1700 | 38 | 400 | Therapeutic applications | [266,267] |
| Low-density polyethylene | / | 200 | 10 | 620 | Therapeutic applications | [265] |
| Polystyrene | / | 3100 | 50 | / | Biomedical applications | [267] |
| PVC | / | 300–2400 | 10–60 | 12–32 | Biomedical applications | [266] |
| PLA | / | 2400 | 53 | 5 | Biomedical applications | [268] |
| PCL | Electrospinning | 7.5 ± 0.7 | 1.5 ± 0.7 | 417 ± 58 | Vascular cells | [269] |
| PCL/collagen (dry) | 3.8 ± 5.6 | 8.3 ± 1.2 | 62 ± 5 | |||
| PCL/collagen (wet) | 2.7 ± 1.2 | 4.0 ± 0.4 | 140 ± 13 | |||
| PLGA | / | 2000–4000 | 40–90 | < 10 | Biomedical applications | [270,271] |
| PET | / | 3500 | 47 | 2–83 | Biomedical applications | [264] |
| PA 6 | Melt compounding followed by injection moulding | 1947 ± 164 | 56 ± 1.0 | 70 | Biomedical applications | [182] |