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Effect of CPE on PKCα expression and activation, which is determined by p-PKCα/PKCα ratio in T2D rat kidney cell lysate. Anti-p-PKCα and PKCα antibodies were detected at 82 and 80 kDa, respectively, whereas anti-β-actin antibody was used as a loading control. Densitometry was analyzed and expressed as mean ± S.E.M., and the experiment was repeated in animals (n = 4–5). * p < 0.05, significantly different from ND; # p < 0.05, significantly different from DM.
