Figure 4.

Exogenous sources of beta cells. Exogenous beta cells can be purified from cadaveric beta cells isolated from a donor pancreas and transplanted into a T1D patient following the Edmonton protocol. Alternatively, terminally differentiated cells can be isolated from an individual and reprogrammed into iPSCs, followed by directed differentiation in vitro to form stem cell-derived beta-like cells (sBCs). In addition, hESCs can be differentiated to form non-patient specific sBCs. The sBCs from both iPSCs and hESCs can be genetically manipulated or encapsulated to help them evade the patient’s immune system following transplantation.