Table 1.

Summary of the main applications of single-cell technologies in different areas of hematology. CAR T, chimeric antigen receptor T-cell; Cas9, CRISPR-associated endonuclease Cas9; CRISPR, clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats.

Area	Application	Reference
Immune system	Study stem cell-like CD8+ memory T cells to develop immunotherapies and vaccines	[21]
Tumor cells	Combine genotyping and immunophenotyping to fully characterize the disease	[23]
Clonal hematopoiesis	Distinguish mutations associated with clonal hematopoiesis vs. true leukemia to accurately measure residual disease	[29]
Oncogenesis	Establish the sequence of genetic events that occur in the disease development; characterize mutational combinations that promote clonal expansion to select targeted therapies	[32,37]
Clonal evolution	Study the predisposition to develop leukemia in Shwachman-Diamond syndrome to identify patients with high-risk clones	[40]
Therapy resistance	Characterize clonal complexity to predict clinical relapse; evaluate concurrence of different resistance mechanisms to search for novel treatment strategies	[35,43,46,47]
Microenvironment	Define the supportive role of the immune microenvironment to develop new therapeutic approaches	[51]
B-cell biology	Model the germinal center to understand lymphoma pathology	[53]
Cancer therapy	Identify transcriptomic features in anti-CD19 CAR T-infusion cell products to determine efficacy and toxicity	[55]
CRISPR-Cas9 gene editing	Analyze Cas9-introduced gene edits to quantify the abundance of CRISPR-introduced disease drivers and decipher the effects of multiplex gene editing	[56]
Bone marrow transplant	Assess donor/host chimerism to monitor bone marrow engraftment and predict relapse after transplant	[57]