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. 2021 Mar 30;22(7):3569. doi: 10.3390/ijms22073569

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© 2021 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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(A) Human cardiac microvascular endothelial cells (CMECs) were incubated with all sera from AS patients before (samples indicated with b) and after (samples indicated with a) AVR. As controls, HUVEC cells were incubated without (H0) and with (H6) 10 ng/mL TNF-alpha for 6 h. M, protein marker loaded on the gel. ICAM-1 levels were normalized to GAPDH. (B) Values are the mean of two independent incubations for all AS samples taken before and after AVR. A paired one-way t-test showed a significantly lower ICAM-1 level in CMEC exposed to AS after AVR sera compared to AS sera taken before AVR.