Table 7.
Summary of fit statistics for tests of gender invariance—barriers.
| Model | Model Comparison | χ2 | df | Δχ2 | Δdf | Statistical Significance | CFI | ΔCFI |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| M1: Configural model (no equality constraints—seven items) | - | 69.314 | 26 | - | - | - | 0.944 | - |
| M2: All item factor loadings constrained a | 2 vs. 1 | 76.311 | 33 | 6.997 | 7 | NS | 0.944 | 0.000 |
| M3: Factor loadings and item variances constrained | 3 vs. 1 | 89.963 | 40 | 20.649 | 14 | NS | 0.936 | 0.008 |
| M4: Factor loadings, item variances, and covariances constrained | 4 vs. 1 | 93.821 | 41 | 24.507 | 15 | NS | 0.932 | 0.012 |
Note. a Kline (2005) proposed that items which are fixed to 1.0 cannot be examined for invariance. Therefore, these items were freed, and the latent parent variables were fixed to 1.0. NS = not significant.