Table 3.

The positive and null/negative comparison of effects on overall executive function and associated factors categorized into three groups.

	N of Outcome	N of Positive Effect (%)	N of Null Effect (%)
Overall	57	35 (61%)	22 (39%)
EF assessment
Component
Inhibition	39	27 (69%)	12 (31%)
Updating	11	6 (55%)	5 (45%)
Shifting	7	2 (29%)	5 (71%)
Planning	--	--	--
Time examination
≤10 min	24	16 (67%)	8 (33%)
11–20 min	11	9 (88%)	2 (12%)
21–30 min	10	7 (70%)	3 (30%)
>30 min	12	3 (25%)	9 (75%)
Exercise intervention
Total time
≤10 min	8	3 (38%)	5 (62%)
11–20 min	24	17 (71%)	7 (29%)
21–30 min	20	13 (65%)	7 (35%)
>30 min	5	2 (40%)	3 (60%)
Type
Aerobic exercise	43	28 (65%)	15 (35%)
Combined exercise	14	7 (50%)	7 (50%)
Modality
Running	12	7 (58%)	5 (42%)
Cycling	28	19 (69%)	9 (31%)
Circuit training	14	7 (50%)	7 (50%)
Boxing	3	2 (67%)	1 (33%)
Rest interval
Active	30	21 (70%)	9 (30%)
Passive	27	14 (52%)	13 (48%)
Work recovery ratio
>1	25	16 (64%)	9 (36%)
<1	13	7 (54%)	6 (46%)
=1	19	12 (63%)	7 (37%)
Intensity
Maximal	21	12 (57%)	9 (43%)
Submaximal	36	23 (64%)	13 (36%)
Sample and study characteristics
Age
≤18 years	13	7 (54%)	6 (46%)
19~40 years	40	27 (68%)	13 (32%)
>40 years	4	1 (25%)	3 (75%)
Gender
>50% male	33	22 (67%)	11 (33%)
<50% male	23	12 (52%)	11 (48%)
Equal	1	1 (50%)	1 (50%)
Fitness level
Fit	53	33 (62%)	20 (38%)
Sedentary	4	2 (50%)	2 (50%)
Study Design
Within-subject	38	25 (66%)	13 (34%)
Between subject	19	10 (53%)	9 (47%)
Comparator
Active control	2	1 (50%)	1 (50%)
Passive control	55	34 (62%)	21 (38%)

Note: EF = executive function.