Skip to main content
. 2021 Mar 24;18(7):3336. doi: 10.3390/ijerph18073336

Table 8.

Measures and metrics of outcomes for lay actors.

Outcome International Validated Scales Other Tools Indicators Main
References
Health status, well-being and quality of life Physical and
mental health
status
  • -

    General Health Questionnaire-12 [48];

  • -

    Health of the Nation Outcome Scales HoNOS [63,107];

  • -

    Generalized Anxiety Disorder Questionnaire (GAD-7) [18];

  • -

    Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) [18];

  • -

    Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) [119,120,136,137];

  • -

    EORTC QLQ-C30 [137];

  • -

    Functional Assessment of Chronic Illness Therapy—Fatigue FACIT-F [137];

  • -

    Insomnia Severity Index (ISI) [137];

  • -

    Saltin Grimby Physical Activity Level Scale (SGPALS) [50];

  • -

    Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire [86,138];

  • -

    Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PCL-C); [137];

  • -

    Mood andFeelings Questionnaire (MFQ) [86];

  • -

    Revised Child Anxiety and Depression Scale (RCADS) [86];

  • -

    Western Ontario and McMaster University Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC) [139];

 Ad hoc [140];
  • -

    Improved/deteriorated or unchanged clinical indicators (e.g., waist-to-height ratio; carotid artery reactivity (CAR); blood biochemical parameters; death) [49,104,136];

  • -

    Re-admission/re-hospitalization for unscheduled reasons; occurrence of an adverse outcome [50,141];

 [16,18,21,22, 44,45,48,49,50,51,63,86,104,107,109,110,116,119,120,135,136,137,138,139,140,141,142,143];
Quality of life and health-related quality of life
  • -

    Quality Quality-Adjusted Life-Years (QALYs) using HAE-BOIS-Europe survey [16];

  • -

    EuroQol index (EQ 5D index) and the EuroQol Visual Analogue Scale (EQ VAS) [119,120];

  • -

    Quality of Life Questionnaire for family (QLQ-F) and treatment group (QLQ-G) [110];

 Fox Simple Quality-of-Life Scale [21];
Well-being
  • -

    15-item version ofthe Social Production Function Instrument for the Level of Well-being (SPF-ILs) (both patients and carers); [51,116,142,143];

  • -

    Warwick-Edinburgh Mental Well-being Scale (WEMWBS); [48,109,135,136];

  • -

    McGill Quality of Life Questionnaire (MQOL index) [44];

  • -

    McGill quality of life questionnaire (MQOL index)-revised [22];

 Perceived well-being construct of Sweeney et al. (2015) [144];
Satisfaction With service/care
  • -

    Social Support Programme Acceptability Rating Scale [48];

  • -

    Patient Assessment of Chronic Illness Care Short version (PACIC-S) [143];

  • -

    Psychological Needs Satisfaction in Exercise Scale [49];

  • -

    Family Experiences with Coordination of Care (FECC) Measure Set [77];

  • -

    Diabetes Management and Evaluation Tool (DMET) [126];
  • -

    Perceived service quality and satisfaction construct of Dagger et al., 2007 [45,75];

  • -

    Perceived quality of service questionnaires of Veltro et al. (2007) [107];

  • -

    Service satisfaction scale of Oliver 2010 [21];

  • -

    Outcome value scale of Hau and Thuy, 2012 [43];

  • -

    Adjusted version of the caregivers’ satisfaction with inpatient stroke care (C-SASC) 11-item scale [116];

  • -

    Adjusted version of the Satisfaction with Stroke Care questionnaire (SASC) [51,116,142];

Adaptation from:
  • -

    Rajah et al., 2008 [73];

  • -

    Aiken and Patrician (2000) [94];

  • -

    Yu and Dean (2001) [145];

  • -

    Wang et al. (2004) and Sweeney and (2001) [145];

  • -

    Sweeney and Soutar (2001) and Mathwick et al. (2001) [146];

  • -

    Sweeney and Soutar (2001) [75,147];

  • -

    Suarez-Alvarez et al. (2020) [148];

  • -

    Ad Hoc [64,66,74] *, [6];

 [6,21,43,45,48,49,51], [64] *, [66] *, [73], [74] *, [75,77,94,107,116,126,142,143,145,146,148]
With process
(enjoyment) 		- Process value of Hau and Thuy, 2012 [43];
Adaptation from:
  • -

    Wang et al. (2004) and Sweeney and Soutar (2001) [145,147];

  • -

    Nelson and Byus (2002) [75];

  • -

    Ad hoc [144];

 [43,45,75,145,147]
Activation Patient Activation Measure [119,120,135] Ad hoc [121] *; [119,120], [121] *, [135]
Empowerment
  • -

    Family Empowerment Scale [77,109]

  • -

    Patient Activation Measure (PAM) [99];

  • -

    SIS Communication/Behavior Skills Questionnaire [110];

  • -

    Diabetes Empowerment Scale Short Form (DES-SF) [126];
  • -

    Adaptation from spidergram tool of Draper et al. (2010) [123] *;

  • -

    Ad hoc [122] *;

 [77,99,109,110], [122] *, [123] *, [126]
Self-
management
  • -

    Health Education Impact Questionnaire (heiQ) [119,120];

  • -

    Summary of Diabetes Self-Care Activities (DSCA) [126];

 [119,120,126]
Self-
efficacy 		General Self-Efficacy Scale (GSE scale) [50]; Ad hoc [66] *; [50], [66] *;
Self-
esteem 		Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale [110]; [110];
Self-
confidence 		Ad hoc [149]; [149];
Eustress Adaptation from:
Eustress construct of Simmons and Nelson 2001/Nelson and Simmons 2003 [23];		 [23];
Burden Burden Assessment Scale (BAS) [109]; Family worry of Center for Medical Home Improvement [77]; [77,109]
Learning and change
behaviour/
attitude 		Health literacy and knowledge
  • -

    Newest Vital Sign UK (NVS-UK) [18];

  • -

    Diabetes Knowledge Test (DKT) [126];

 Ad hoc [81,149]; Score of learning test [66,134] *; [18], [66] *, [81,126], [134] *, [149]
Compliance/
adherence
  • -

    Adaptation from Hausman 2004 [23,146];

  • -

    Ad hoc [23];

 Tracking completion of indicated quarterly follow-up screens [72]; [23,72,146];
Decisional conflict/
self-determination/
self-advocacy
  • -

    Decisional Conflict Scale (dcs) [81];

  • -

    SURE (Sure of myself, Understand information, Risk–benefit ratio, Encouragement) [81];

  • -

    Self-Determination Theory (SDT) scales [150];

 Adaptation from:
  • -

    Behavioural Regulation in Exercise Questionnaire [151];

  • -

    Patient Self-Advocacy Scale [149];

 [81,149,150,151]
Others
  • -

    Recovery Attitudes Questionnaire7 (RAQ-7) [149];

  • -

    ATT-19 [126];

  • -

    Physical Activity Questionnaire for adolescent [138];
  • -

    Unhealthy eating adapted from Stansfeld et al., 2003 [138];

  • -

    Ad hoc [66,100] *, [138,149];
  • -

    N. of consultations offered and attended were measured by exercise referral practitioners [49,126];

  • -

    Job opportunities after or during recovery [135];

 [49], [66] *, [100] *, [126,135,138,149]
Relationship strengths with
professionals 		Adaptation from Rajah et al., 2008 [73]; [73]
Issue
awareness 		Ad hoc [99]; [99]
Cost
savings 		Cost minimization analysis [16];
Ad hoc health expenses [140];		 [16,140]

The asterisk * indicates publications in public domain.