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. 2021 Mar 30;22(7):3596. doi: 10.3390/ijms22073596

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© 2021 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Scheme of OS inductors and celastrol actions on hGL cells. Proposed model for celastrol effects over PAPP and CYP19A1 gene expression and peroxynitrite effects over ALDH3A2 gene expression in hGL cells. Glucose addition produced higher ROS levels by an increase in the metabolism of glucose excess. Peroxynitrite treatment produced an increased RNS, causing endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS). Celastrol acts as an antioxidant compound, reducing ROS and RNS levels. In addition, integrating our results with previously published data, we propose that celastrol may have a modulatory effect in pathways involved in PAPP and CYP19A1 gene expression (Created with BioRender.com; 15 March 2021).