Table 2.
Identified metabolites from metabolomic analysis of the dual-species biofilm culture of C. albicans/K. pneumoniae compared with the single-species biofilm of C. albicans and K. pneumoniae.
| Dual Species vs. C. albicans | Dual Species vs. K. pneumoniae | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Name | VIP Score |
t-Test p-Value |
Fold Change | VIP Score |
t-Test p-Value |
Fold Change |
| Acetamide, N,N-diethyl- (RI: 1045) | 0.864 | 3.10 × 10−2 | =2.24 | 0.264 | 6.70 × 10−2 | =1.13 |
| Adenine, TMS (RI: 1890) | 1.320 | 2.86 × 10−9 | ↑ 25.63 | 1.561 | 3.12 × 10−9 | ↑ 19.85 |
| Alanine, 2TMS (RI: 1124) | 0.623 | 1.76 × 10−1 | =1.15 | 1.076 | 2.16 × 10−2 | ↑ 1.24 |
| Arabitol, 5TMS (RI: 1750) | 0.606 | 1.78 × 10−1 | =1.28 | 1.573 | 4.22 × 10−13 | ↑ 883.44 |
| Asparagine, 3TMS (RI: 1687) | 1.125 | 2.56 × 10−3 | ↓ 1.24 | 1.490 | 1.26 × 10−7 | ↓ 1.73 |
| Aspartic acid, 3TMS (RI: 1540) | 0.773 | 6.12 × 10−2 | =1.59 | 0.454 | 3.94 × 10−1 | =1.16 |
| Beta-lactic acid, 2TMS (RI: 1156) | 0.359 | 4.38 × 10−1 | =1.17 | 1.278 | 2.32 × 10−3 | ↑ 1.76 |
| Butanoic acid, 3TMS (RI: 1425) | 0.829 | 4.17 × 10−2 | =2.24 | 0.385 | 5.92 × 10−1 | =1.03 |
| Citric acid, 4TMS (RI: 1844) | 0.659 | 1.28 × 10−1 | =1.46 | 0.706 | 1.73 × 10−1 | =1.58 |
| Cyclo-(Phe-Pro) (RI: 2434) | 1.308 | 5.26 × 10−8 | ↓ 8.84 | 1.293 | 1.87 × 10−3 | ↓ 4.51 |
| 3-Deoxy-D-arabino-hexonic acid γ-lactone, 3TMS (RI: 1797) | – | 1.276 | 2.37 × 10−3 | ↓ 1.30 | ||
| Glutamic acid, 3TMS (RI: 1638) | 1.062 | 3.35 × 10−3 | ↑ 1.33 | 0.778 | 1.28 × 10−1 | =1.12 |
| Glyceric acid, 3TMS (RI: 1346) | 0.946 | 1.76 × 10−2 | =1.34 | 1.538 | 1.73 × 10−7 | ↓ 4.81 |
| Glycerol, 3TMS (RI: 1290) | 1.002 | 7.48 × 10−3 | ↓ 1.33 | 1.524 | 1.17 × 10−6 | ↑ 644.01 |
| Glycine, 2TMS (RI: 1136) | 1.274 | 3.46 × 10−6 | ↓ 1.83 | 0.223 | 9.37 × 10−1 | =1.01 |
| Glycolic acid (2TMS) (RI: 1100) | 1.040 | 4.75 × 10−3 | ↓ 2.15 | – | ||
| Isoleucine, 2TMS (RI: 1307) | 0.421 | 3.56 × 10−1 | =1.60 | 0.694 | 1.82 × 10−1 | =1.60 |
| Lactic acid, 2TMS (RI: 1083) | 0.437 | 3.42 × 10−1 | =10.26 | 0.971 | 4.57 × 10−2 | =7.38 |
| Leucine, 2TMS (RI: 1286) | 0.422 | 3.50 × 10−1 | =1.32 | 1.189 | 7.00 × 10−3 | ↑ 523.57 |
| Lysine, 3TMS (RI: 1722) | 0.576 | 1.98 × 10−1 | =1.23 | 1.212 | 6.35 × 10−3 | ↑ 1.41 |
| Methionine, 2TMS (RI: 1536) | 1.101 | 1.70 × 10−3 | ↓ 1.21 | 0.374 | 7.28 × 10−1 | =1.02 |
| Nicotinic acid, TMS (RI: 1304) | 1.304 | 1.22 × 10−7 | ↓ 2.51 | 1.231 | 4.39 × 10−3 | ↓ 1.36 |
| Ornithine, 3TMS (RI: 1632) | 1.161 | 4.61 × 10−4 | ↑ 4.34 | 0.583 | 2.86 × 10−1 | =1.20 |
| Phenylalanine, 2TMS (RI: 1647) | 1.224 | 6.09 × 10−5 | ↑ 1.26 | 0.884 | 8.34 × 10−2 | =1.07 |
| Phosphate, 3TMS (RI: 1297) | 0.564 | 2.12 × 10−1 | =1.48 | 0.242 | 7.02 × 10−1 | =1.11 |
| Piperidine-2-carboxylic acid, 2TMS (RI: 1624) | 1.239 | 3.40 × 10−5 | ↓ 2.69 | 1.299 | 1.78 × 10−3 | ↓ 1.38 |
| Proline, 2TMS (RI: 1314) | 1.282 | 1.88 × 10−6 | ↓ 11.44 | 1.127 | 1.34 × 10−2 | ↓ 3.60 |
| Propanoic acid, 2methyl-2,3bishidroxy, 3TMS (RI: 1336) | 1.210 | 1.08 × 10−4 | ↓ 5.16 | – | ||
| Pyroglutamic acid, 2TMS (RI: 1546) | 0.444 | 3.28 × 10−1 | =1.23 | 0.669 | 2.06 × 10−1 | =1.08 |
| Pyruvic acid, 2TMS (RI: 1108) | 0.633 | 1.67 × 10−1 | =2.91 | 0.367 | 5.47 × 10−1 | =1.19 |
| Serine, 3TMS (RI: 1375) | 1.320 | 1.49 × 10−9 | ↓ 307.99 | – | ||
| Shikimic acid, 4TMS (RI: 1951) | – | 1.476 | 1.71 × 10−5 | ↓ 2.98 | ||
| Succinic acid, 2TMS (RI: 1322) | 1.205 | 1.34 × 10−4 | ↓ 1.77 | 0.141 | 1 | =1.00 |
| Threonine, 3TMS (RI: 1400) | 0.730 | 9.76 × 10−2 | =1.14 | 1.540 | 1.58 × 10−7 | ↓ 1.71 |
| Trehalose, 8TMS (RI: 2781) | 1.127 | 1.06 × 10−3 | ↓ 10.10 | – | ||
| Tryptophan, 3TMS (RI: 2244) | 1.138 | 4.53 × 10−4 | ↑ 1.90 | 1.119 | 1.29 × 10−2 | ↑ 1.28 |
| Tyrosine, 3TMS (RI: 1962) | 1.293 | 3.24 × 10−6 | ↑ 1.81 | 1.323 | 3.28 × 10−4 | ↑ 1.21 |
| Uracil, 2TMS (RI: 1351) | 0.968 | 1.20 × 10−2 | =1.67 | 0.901 | 1.05 × 10−1 | =1.38 |
| Valine, 2TMS (RI: 1230) | 1.043 | 4.41 × 10−3 | ↓ 1.16 | 0.512 | 3.37 × 10−1 | =1.05 |
| Vitamin B6, 3TMS (RI: 1924) | 0.660 | 7.28 × 10−1 | =1.36 | 0.564 | 1.76 × 10−1 | =1.09 |
Metabolites are listed in alphabetical order. Arrows indicate the direction (trend) of fold change comparing the two classes: (↑) upregulated in the dual-species biofilm; (↓) down-regulated in the dual-species biofilm; (=) no statistically significant change; (–) metabolite not conserved (not detected) in the two compared classes. RI represents the Kovats retention index, and TMS is the trimethylsilyl function, (CH3)3Si-.