Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of the study population.
| HCC | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| No | Yes | p-Value | |
| n | 8,501,899 | 26,891 | |
| Age, years | 45.4 ± 13.8 | 57.8 ± 11.2 | <0.0001 |
| Male (%) | 4,762,306 (56.1) | 21,023 (78.2) | <0.0001 |
| Lowest income quintile (%) | 2,255,880 (26.5) | 7378 (27.4) | 0.0008 |
| Urban residence (%) | 3,891,641 (45.8) | 12,127 (45.1) | 0.03 |
| Smoking status | <0.0001 | ||
| Never-smoker (%) | 4,976,898 (58.5) | 11,861 (44.1) | |
| Ex-smoker (%) | 1,183,381 (13.9) | 5604 (20.8) | |
| Current smoker (%) | 2,341,620 (27.5) | 9426 (35.1) | |
| Alcohol consumption | <0.0001 | ||
| Complete or near abstinence (%) | 4,191,220 (49.3) | 13,054 (48.5) | |
| Moderate consumption (%) | 3,615,635 (42.5) | 10,131 (37.7) | |
| Heavy consumption (%) | 695,044 (8.2) | 3706 (13.8) | |
| Regular physical activity (%) | 1,496,016 (17.6) | 5516 (20.5) | <0.0001 |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 23.5 ± 3.2 | 24.1 ± 3.1 | <0.0001 |
| WC, cm | 79.7 ± 9.0 | 83.8 ± 8.4 | <0.0001 |
| SBP, mmHg | 121.6 ± 14.7 | 127.0 ± 15.7 | <0.0001 |
| DBP, mmHg | 76.0 ± 9.9 | 78.3 ± 10.2 | <0.0001 |
| Comorbidities | |||
| Hypertension (%) | 1,775,635 (20.9) | 10,815 (40.2) | <0.0001 |
| DM (%) | 522,711 (6.2) | 5726 (21.3) | <0.0001 |
| Dyslipidemia (%) | 808,069 (9.5) | 1568 (5.8) | <0.0001 |
| Liver cirrhosis (%) | 5838 (0.1) | 561 (2.1) | <0.0001 |
| Viral hepatitis (%) | 85,562 (1.0) | 806 (3) | <0.0001 |
| Chronic kidney disease (%) | 427,518 (5.0) | 1933 (7.2) | <0.0001 |
| Fenofibrate medication (%) | 31,486 (0.4) | 141 (0.5) | <0.0001 |
| Laboratory results | |||
| Fasting glucose (mg/dL) | 95.5 ± 20.6 | 106.3 ± 33.5 | <0.0001 |
| Total cholesterol (mg/dL) | 193.0 ± 34.0 | 179.4 ± 34.3 | <0.0001 |
| TG (mg/dL) | 129.2 ± 88.2 | 119.9 ± 78.1 | <0.0001 |
| LDL-C (mg/dL) | 111.9 ± 31.5 | 102.0 ± 31.4 | <0.0001 |
| HDL-C (mg/dL) | 55.1 ± 13.9 | 53.1 ± 14.6 | <0.0001 |
HCC, hepatocellular carcinoma; BMI, body mass index; WC, waist circumference; SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; DM, diabetes mellitus; TC, total cholesterol; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; TG, triglycerides. Values are presented as mean ± standard deviation for continuous variables and number (%) for categorical variables.