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. 2021 Mar 29;26(7):1908. doi: 10.3390/molecules26071908

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© 2021 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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(A,B) = Hybrid grouper (Epinephelus fuscoguttatus ×E.lanceolatus), highly infested with Z. arugamensis, indicated by the arrow (The parasites were isolated and used for the current research), (C) = normal parasite (exposed to seawater only, untreated with extract or chemicals, no mortality was noticed), (D) = formalin-exposed parasite (exposed to 0.25% of formalin solution in seawater, resulted in mortality of the parasites) (E,F) = A. indica aqueous extract-exposed parasites (exposed to low, medium and the higher concentration of plant extract prepared in seawater, resulted in mortality of the parasites with a wrinkled body).