Table 1.
Participant characteristics classified by dietary pattern cluster.
| Characteristics | Male | p Value | Female | p Value | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total (n = 797) | Cluster 1 (n = 275) |
Cluster 2 (n = 141) | Cluster 3 (n = 381) | Total (n = 890) | Cluster 1 (n = 207) |
Cluster 2 (n = 276) | Cluster 3 (n = 407) | ||||
| Age | 65–74 | 527(66.6) | 161(29.1) | 96(19.0) | 270(51.9) | 0.005 | 573(64.9) | 104(17.6) | 198(35.5) | 271(46.9) | <0.001 |
| ≥75 | 270(33.4) | 114(42.9) | 45(15.8) | 111(41.3) | 317(35.1) | 103(31.6) | 78(22.4) | 136(46.0) | |||
| Age (year), mean ± SD | 71.9 ± 0.2 | 73.2 ± 0.3 a | 71.2 ± 0.5 a | 71.3 ± 0.3 b | <0.001 | 72.3 ± 0.2 | 73.9 ± 0.3 a | 71.4 ± 0.3 ab | 72.1 ± 0.3 b | <0.001 | |
| Marital status | Living alone | 100(12.1) | 49(44.7) | 17(13.3) | 34(42.0) | 0.063 | 426(49.0) | 112(25.4) | 122(29.2) | 192(45.5) | 0.223 |
| Living together | 697(87.9) | 226(32.2) | 124(18.6) | 347(49.2) | 464(51.0) | 95(19.9) | 154(32.5) | 215(47.6) | |||
| Education | ≤Elementary school | 340(41.8) | 161(49.3) | 59(17.1) | 120(33.6) | <0.001 | 705(77.9) | 198(27.8) | 205(28.3) | 302(43.8) | <0.001 |
| Middle school | 142(17.6) | 51(33.3) | 26(19.0) | 65(47.7) | 87(9.6) | 8(7.7) | 28(32.9) | 51(59.4) | |||
| High school | 184(23.0) | 51(25.4) | 36(19.6) | 97(55.0) | 75(9.5) | 1(1.4) | 32(41.9) | 42(56.7) | |||
| ≥College | 131(17.5) | 12(8.0) | 20(16.6) | 99(75.4) | 23(3.0) | 0(0.0) | 11(56.5) | 12(43.5) | |||
| Income | Low (quartile 1) | 200(25.7) | 91(45.3) | 37(18.6) | 72(36.1) | 0.001 | 219(24.6) | 69(27.3) | 56(28.6) | 94(44.1) | 0.166 |
| Low-medium (quartile 2) | 195(23.5) | 75(36.8) | 32(17.7) | 88(45.5) | 244(26.0) | 64(26.8) | 72(29.9) | 108(43.3) | |||
| High-medium (quartile 3) | 193(22.0) | 60(29.5) | 40(21.6) | 93(48.9) | 216(23.8) | 42(20.0) | 72(33.0) | 102(47.0) | |||
| High (quartile 4) | 209(28.8) | 49(24.1) | 32(14.7) | 128(61.2) | 211(25.6) | 32(16.2) | 76(32.0) | 103(51.8) | |||
| Strength training | <2 per week | 580(71.0) | 213(35.7) | 102(18.2) | 265(46.1) | 0.198 | 817(91.7) | 198(23.7) | 252(30.4) | 367(45.8) | 0.038 |
| ≥2 days per week | 217(29.0) | 62(28.9) | 39(17.3) | 116(53.8) | 73(8.3) | 9(9.4) | 24(36.1) | 40(54.4) | |||
| Smoking status | Current smoking | 641(79.9) | 211(32.4) | 114(18.4) | 316(49.3) | 0.350 | 871(97.3) | 200(22.3) | 271(31.0) | 400(46.6) | 0.761 |
| Non/past smoking | 156(20.1) | 64(39.2) | 27(16.2) | 65(44.5) | 19(2.7) | 7(30.2) | 5(26.3) | 7(43.5) | |||
| High-risk drinking | No | 734(92.7) | 257(34.3) | 115(15.8) | 362(49.9) | <0.001 | 882(99.2) | 206(22.7) | 274(31.0) | 402(46.3) | 0.183 |
| Yes | 63(7.3) | 18(26.4) | 26(45.4) | 19(28.2) | 8(0.8) | 1(8.2) | 2(16.8) | 5(75.0) | |||
| Hypertension | No | 433(53.8) | 139(31.1) | 74(16.6) | 220(52.3) | 0.113 | 410(45.6) | 88(20.8) | 128(31.3) | 194(47.9) | 0.613 |
| Yes | 364(46.2) | 136(36.8) | 67(19.5) | 161(43.7) | 480(54.4) | 119(24.0) | 148(30.6) | 213(45.4) | |||
| Diabetes mellitus | No | 687(87.2) | 239(33.9) | 121(17.6) | 327(48.5) | 0.875 | 762(84.1) | 178(21.9) | 241(31.7) | 343(46.4) | 0.548 |
| Yes | 110(12.8) | 36(32.7) | 20(19.9) | 54(47.4) | 128(15.9) | 29(25.9) | 35(26.5) | 64(47.6) | |||
| Dyslipidemia | No | 689(85.8) | 248(35.6) | 123(18.0) | 318(46.3) | 0.038 | 603(66.9) | 161(26.3) | 166(27.4) | 276(46.2) | 0.001 |
| Yes | 108(14.2) | 27(22.3) | 18(17.3) | 63(60.4) | 287(33.1) | 46(14.9) | 110(37.9) | 131(47.2) | |||
| Body mass index (m2/kg), mean ± SD | 23.5 ± 0.1 | 23.5 ± 0.2 | 23.7 ± 0.3 | 23.4 ± 0.2 | 0.738 | 24.2 ± 0.1 | 24.3 ± 0.3 | 24.1 ± 0.2 | 24.1 ± 0.2 | 0.826 | |
Values are presented as numbers (%) or mean ± SD. p values were determined by Chi-squared test and one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). The significant difference between the groups indicated by superscript letters (Bonferroni’s post hoc test) a = p < 0.05 vs. cluster 3; b = p < 0.05 vs. cluster 1.