Figure 1.

Use of emerging technologies to improve organoid assays. In order to overcome the limitations of organoid cultures and improve their efficiency, new developments are required. These are described in more detail in the text and may include (a) the use of enhanced or standardized protocols; (b) use of cryopreserved tissue; (c) establishment of organoids from circulating tumour cells; (d) co-culture with components of the tumour microenvironment; (e) assays in multi-well formats; (f) automated processes for establishment and testing; (g) 3D bioprinting; (h) use of organoids-on-chips. Image created with Biorender.com.