Table 1.

Effects of polyphenols on gut microbiota modulation.

Polyphenol	Dose and Time of Use (for Ani-Mal and Human Study)	Type of Study and Name of the Species	Changes in Microbiota	Ref.
Quercetin	4, 20, 50 µg/mL in medium	In vitro study	↓ Ruminococcus gauvreauii, Bacteroides galacturonicus, Lactobacillus sp.	[120]
Kaempferol, quercetin, myricetin and fisetin	25 μM in medium	In vitro study	Little or no antibacterial effect against Bifidobacterium adolescentis	[113]
Tannic acid	100.5 mg/mL in medium	In vitro study	↑ Lactobacillus acidophilus	[121]
(c)-epicatechin	150 mg/L and 1000 mg/L	In vitro study	↑ Clostridium coccoides–Eubacterium rectale group, Bifidobacterium spp. and Escherichia coli ↓ C. histolyticum	[122]
(+)-catechin	150 mg/L and 1000 mg/L	In vitro study	↑ C. coccoides–Eubacterium rectale group	[122]
Curcumin	100 mg/kg/day for 15 days	Animal study (mouse)	↑ Prevotellaceae, Bacteroidaceae ↓ Rikenellaceae	[123]
Picetannol	0.25% in diet for 18 weeks	Animal study (mouse)	↑ Firmicutes, Lactobacillus ↓ Bacteroidetes	[124]
(−)-Epigallocatechin-3-gallate	25 mg/kg/day for 4 months	Animal study (mouse)	↓ Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio	[125]
Polymeric procyanidins	0.5% in diet for 20 weeks	Animal study (mouse)	↑Akkermansia ↓ Clostridium, Lachnospiraceae, Bifidobacterium ↓ Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio	[126]
Daidzein	20 mg/kg/day during adulthood	Animal study (mouse)	Not specified	[127]
Picetannol (resveratrol analogue)	45 mg/kg/day for 6 weeks	Animal study (rat)	Nonsignificant changes in Bacteroides and Firmicutes	[128]
Quercetin	30 mg/kg/day for 6 weeks	Animal study (rat)	↓ Erysipelotrichaceae, Bacillus, Eubacterium cylindroides	[129]
Polyphenon G® powder (purified preparation of tea-derived catechins)	0.2% Polyphenon G® (0.07% tea catechins) for 3 weeks	Human intervention	↑ Lactobacilli ↓ Enterobacteriaceae	[130]
Isoflavones	100 mg/day for 15 days	Human intervention (postmenopausal women)	↑ stimulated dominant microorganisms of the Clostridium coccoides-Eubacterium rectale cluster, Lactobacillus-Enterococcus group, Faecalibacterium prausnitzii subgroup and Bifidobacterium genus	[131]