Table 1.
Characteristics of Malawi and Mozambique samples used in this study.
| Subject Characteristics | Sample Size | Gender | Age Group | Sera5 PCR | Sera5 Sequence | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Male (%) | Missing Age | Mean (SD) | 0–5yrs | 6–10yrs | 11–15yrs * | Negative | Positive | Single | Mixed | Indeterminate † | ||
| Case Status | ||||||||||||
| Cases | 200 | 125 (62.5) | 8 | 7.2 (2.8) | 69 (34.5) | 101 (50.5) | 22 (11.0) | 92 (46.0) | 108 (54.0) | 63 (58.3) | 45 (41.7) | - |
| Controls | 140 | 82 (58.6) | 5 | 6.9 (4.4) | 66 (47.1) | 36 (25.7) | 33 (23.6) | 70 (50.0) | 70 (50.0) | 52 (74.3) | 17 (24.3) | 1 (1.4) |
| Association with eBL | ||||||||||||
| Odds ratio [OR 95% CI] | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | Ref | 2.18 (1.12, 4.26) | - |
| Adjusted OR ‡ [95% CI] | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | Ref | 2.40 (1.11, 5.17) | - |
| Diagnose in Controls | ||||||||||||
| Leukemias | 9 | 3 (33.3) | 0 | 7.6 (4.5) | 4 (44.4) | 2 (22.2) | 3 (33.3) | 7 (77.8) | 2 (22.2) | 1 (50.0) | 1 (50.0) | - |
| Lymphomas | 26 | 18 (69.2) | 1 | 10.2 (4.1) | 4 (16.0) | 8 (32.0) | 13 (52.0) | 13 (50.0) | 13 (50.0) | 11 (84.6) | 2 (15.4) | - |
| Neuroblastomas | 8 | 5 (62.5) | 0 | 7.0 (3.9) | 3 (37.5) | 4 (50.0) | 1 (12.5) | 6 (75.0) | 2 (25.0) | 2 (100.0) | 0 (0.0) | - |
| Retinoblastoma | 9 | 3 (33.3) | 0 | 4.0 (2.8) | 8 (88.9) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (11.1) | 5 (55.6) | 4 (44.4) | 2 (50.0) | 2 (50.0) | - |
| Renal tumors | 28 | 21 (75.0) | 0 | 3.6 (2.9) | 24 (85.7) | 3 (10.7) | 1 (3.6) | 8 (28.6) | 20 (71.4) | 15 (75.0) | 5 (25.0) | - |
| Hepatic tumors | 6 | 3 (50.0) | 0 | 7.6 (2.7) | 2 (33.3) | 3 (50.0) | 1 (16.7) | 2 (33.3) | 4 (66.7) | 3 (75.0) | 1 (25.0) | - |
| Bone tumors | 2 | 1 (50.0) | 0 | 10.3 (5.4) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (50.0) | 1 (50.0) | 1 (50.0) | 1 (50.0) | 1 (100.0) | 0 (0.0) | - |
| Soft tissue sarcomas | 19 | 14 (73.7) | 1 | 7.8 (4.2) | 8 (44.4) | 5 (27.8) | 5 (27.8) | 11 (57.9) | 8 (42.1) | 6 (75.0) | 2 (25.0) | - |
| Germ cell tumors | 8 | 3 (37.5) | 0 | 6.8 (4.0) | 4 (50.0) | 2 (25.0) | 2 (25.0) | 3 (37.5) | 5 (62.5) | 3 (60.0) | 2 (40.0) | - |
| Epithelial tumors | 2 | 0 (0.0) | 0 | 6.7 (7.8) | 1 (50.0) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (50.0) | 1 (50.0) | 1 (50.0) | 1 (100.0) | 0 (0.0) | - |
| Other tumors | 1 | 0 (0.0) | 0 | 13.5 (-) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (100.0) | 1 (100.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | |
| Non-malignancies | 10 | 6 (60.0) | 0 | 7.3 (4.7) | 3 (30.0) | 5 (50.0) | 2 (20.0) | 5 (50.0) | 5 (50.0) | 4 (80.0) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (20.0) |
| Not well specified | 12 | 5 (41.7) | 3 | 6.2 (4.6) | 5 (55.6) | 3 (33.3) | 1 (11.1) | 7 (58.3) | 5 (41.7) | 3 (60.0) | 2 (40.0) | - |
* Two controls between 16 and 16.2 years; † Unclear if positive infection detected was single or mixed; ‡ Odds ratio adjusted for diversity score, DNA copy number, gender, and age.